Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

GCSE Eduqas - Musical Forms and Devices

Musical Forms and Devices

Background to Western Classical Music and to the musical devices relevant to our first set work

Musical Forms and Devices

The Western Classical Tradition

A (very) brief history

Western Classical Tradition

The Baroque Era

1600-1750

Baroque

What instruments can you hear?

What are your first thoughts listening to this piece?

Do you know who might have composed this?

Key Features of Baroque

- simple melodies at start of era, long and complex by end of era

- ornaments and terraced dynamics

- energetic rhythmic movement

- strong homophonic writing, and complex polyphony

Key Facts and Features

The main composers

- Handel

- Vivaldi

- Bach

- Corelli

- Lully

- Purcell

Key composers

The Instruments

- Orchestras were made up of mainly string sections

- Also contained wind instruments such as recorders, flutes, horns and oboes

- The harpsichord is a key instrument from this era - an early piano

Instruments

The Classical era

1750-1810

Classical

Any ideas who might have written this?

What differences can you spot to the Baroque era?

Key Features

- Clear-cut, balanced melodies

- Variety and contrast, wider range of dynamics

- homophonic textures prominent

- less dependence on harpsichord, development of the pianoforte

- elegant, graceful style

- orchestra increased in size

Key Features

The Composers

Mozart

Beethoven

Haydn

Key Composers

The Romantic Era

1810-1910

Romantic

How would you describe this music?

What emotions are portrayed?

Key Features

- Distinctive themes, lyrical melodies, use of leitmotifs

- More expressive, emotive, increased variation in dynamics

- Richer harmonies, chromaticism, more adventurous use of keys

- Further expansion of orchestra and instruments eg development of brass section

Key Features

Key Composers

- Chopin

- Liszt

- Tchaikovsky

- Schubert

- Mendelssohn

Composers

Which era? Why?

QUIZ

Pick your composer...

1. Pick a composer from any era you would like to learn more about

2. Do some research on their life and their pieces (branch out from wikipedia! Documentaries? Articles?)

3. Create a google slides presentation containing the following info:

- A brief history/bio

- Information on 3 pieces - what is your analysis compared to the features we discussed? Have a listen on youtube/spotify

- Finally, your ideas of why this composer is so influential

4. Hand in your slides in the relevant place on google classroom

TASK!

Musical Forms

Musical Form and Structure

How the Music is Organised

- Binary

- Ternary

- Minuet and Trio

- Rondo

- Variation

- Strophic

Binary Form - AB

Two Sections - A and B

Binary

A

Starts in tonic key (eg: chord I), usually ends in Dominant key (chord V), usually repeated

B

Starts in Dominant key (or whichever key A ended in), usually works its way back to the tonic

Ternary Form - ABA

Three Sections: ABA

eg: Twinkle Twinkle Little Star

B

Contrasting section

Ternary

A

Initial ideas introduced, usually ends with a perfect cadence

A

Either an exact repetition or slightly altered version of Section A

Minuet and Trio

Minuet & Trio

Rondo Form

Built on a recurring 'A' Theme

A B A C A

Rondo Form

Theme and Variations

time signature

Variations

key signature

chords

texture

melody

rhythm

Strophic Form

A A A

All verses are sung to the same music/melody

Sometimes known as 'verse repeating form' or 'one part song form'

Strophic Form

QUIZ

A B A

RONDO

A B A C A

STROPHIC

Quiz

A A A

TERNARY

A B

BINARY

What form?

MORE QUIZ!

Introduction to Musical Devices

Useful things to know before beginning your set work!

Musical Devices

RHYTHM & METRE

What is rhythm?

Rhythm

What is metre?

Time Signature

How the notes are organised in the bar

Metre/Time Signatures

3

4

4

4

6

8

Time Signature Examples - Count the beats

Examples

Musical examples

Note values - example

Note values

Rhythmic Devices

1. Ostinato

2. Syncopation

3. Dotted rhythms

Rhythmic Devices

Definitions

1. Ostinato

A continually repeated musical phrase

2. Syncopation

Music played on the off-beat

3. Dotted rhythms

Answers

Melodic Devices

- repetition

- contrast

- anacrusis

- imitation

- sequence

- canon

- conjunct movement

- disjunct movement

- broken chord/arpeggios

- alberti bass

- regular phrasing

- motifs

Melody

Melodic Devices 1

- Repetition

an exact repetition of a musical idea

- Contrast

a change in the musical content

- Anacrusis

a note (or notes) before the first strong beat

1

Examples

Contrast

Examples

Anacrusis

Melodic Devices 2

- Imitation

When a musical idea is copied in another part

- Sequence

Repetition of a motif with the same rhythm but different pitch

- Canon

The melody is repeated exactly in another part while the initial melody is still being played

2

Examples

Imitation

Examples

Sequence

Canon

Melodic Devices 3

- Conjunct movement

Small gaps between notes in the melody - the melody moves mainly by step

- Disjunct movement

Large gaps between notes - the melody leaps from one note to another

- Broken Chords/Arpeggios

A chord played as separate notes

3

Examples

Conjunct movement

Examples

Disjunct movement

Broken chords/arpeggios

Melodic Devices 4

- Alberti Bass

A type of broken-chord accompaniment

- Regular phrasing

Balanced parts of a melody

- Motifs

A short melodic or rhythmic idea that has a distinctive character

4

Examples

Alberti Bass

Examples

Regular Phrasing

Harmony

- Chord progression

- Cadences

- Modulation

- Pedal

- Drone

Harmony

What is a cadence?

A two-chord progression found at the end of a phrase or section

Cadences

Types of cadence

Perfect cadence

Chords V-I

sounds final, the 'end' of a piece

Types of cadence

Imperfect cadence

Ends on chord V (most commonly I-V or IV-V)

sounds incomplete - not found at the end of a piece, but often found at the end of a phrase

More cadences

Plagal cadence

Chords IV-I

Also sounds 'final', but softer - often found at the end of hymns; sometimes called the 'Amen' cadence

Interrupted cadence

Chords V-VI

Ends unexpectedly on a minor chord - sometimes called a 'surprise' candence

More

Chord Progressions

Chord Progression

Primary Chords, Secondary Chords

Common progression: I - V- Vi- IV

Modulation

- the process of changing key

- you can spot a modulation by noticing an 'accidental' in the music

- An accidental is a note 'foreign' to the home key (usually a sharpened or flattened note that is not in the key signature)

Modulation

Pedal / Drone

- Drone: a repeated note held throughout a passage of music

- Pedal - a held or repeated note against changing harmonies

Pedal/Drone

Bach 'Badinerie'

Set Work - 'Badinerie'

Johann Sebastian Bach

Background

Section A

key words:

arpeggio/broken chord, quaver, semiquaver, descending, ascending, conjunct movement

Inversions

Inversions

Root

C E G

Second inversion

G C E

First inversion

E G C

Motif X - modified

More Section A

Key Words: tonality, sequence

Motif Y - Modified

Key words: semiquavers, sequence, conjunct, disjunct, trill

Motif Y - modified

Types of texture

Textures

Monophonic

Homophonic

Polyphonic

Melody & Accompaniment

Monophonic

- Parts have the same notes, and move at the same time (parts are in unison)

Homophonic

- Parts have different notes, but move at the same time (eg: power chords)

Polyphonic

- Parts have different notes and move at different times

Melody & Accompaniment

- Cleary defined melody and backing parts

Answers

Section B

Section B

More Section B

More Section B

Badinerie Revision Guide

- You will create a revision guide to studying Badinerie, focusing on:

1. The Motifs

x, y

Y1, X1, X2, X3

2. How the motifs are changed eg: used in retrograde, ending of motif altered

Use your notes and screenshots of the motifs

It can be a google site, google slides or a google doc

Make it clear and well-presented - this should be a guide for your revision, for our second PROGRESS CHECK next Tuesday 13th December.

Homework task

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi