Cognitive Behavior Theory
Britlyn Long and Emma Green
Overview of Theory
Overview of CBT
- An individual's cognitive function and beliefs effect their behaviors.
- The goal of CBT is to change cognitive process and cognition at the each level of cognition to alter emotional and behavioral changes.
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Levels of Cognition
- Consciousness
- Automatic Thought
- Cognitive Schemes
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Assessment
- Attitudes, perceptions, values, and thoughts are approached.
- This assessment can show the relationship between thoughts, situations, behavior, and emotions.
Treatment Approach
Cognitive Reconstructing: facilitates patients to identify thinking errors and elicit reappraising beliefs and rational thinking.
Homework
- Self Monitoring
- Behavioral activation
- Behavioral symptom management strategies
- Cognitive assignments
- Schema Assessments
Cognitive Errors
1. Filtering
2. Polarized Thinking
3. Overgeneralization
4.Mind Reading
5.Castrophizing
6.Personalization
7. Control fallacies
8. Fallacy of fairness
9. Blaming
10. Shoulds
11. Emotional reasoning
12. Fallacy of change
13. Global labeling
14. Being right
15. Heaven's reward fallacy
Cognitive Errors
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Development
The Development
and History
Key Theorists:
- Aaron Beck
- Albert Bandura
- Albert Ellis
- Donald Meichenbaum
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Aaron Beck
- Beck's early literature focused on information processing styled for individuals with anxiety and depression.
- Proposed negative cognitive patterns facilitate depression symptoms.
- Negative Cognitive Triad : Negative views of the world, self, and future
- Cognitive Errors: selective abstraction, irrational inference, magnification/minimization, personalization, dichotomous thinking
- Schemas: cognitive structures themes including self-blame, negative expectations, and personal deficiency
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Albert Bandura
- 1977: publication of Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavior
- Self-efficacy " the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations" (Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016, p.194).
- A person is more likely to participate in tasks in which they have high self-efficacy.
- A person is less likely to participate in tasks in which they have a low self-efficacy.
- Bandura believed that cognition plays and imperative role in an individual's ability to self-regulate, construct reality, perform behaviors, and take in information.
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Albert Ellis
- Rational Emotional Theory: Developed in the 1950s, due to impractical beliefs, individuals become sad and create self-defeating habits. This theory focuses on the leverage of the belief method on behavior and emotions. These beliefs that lead to psychological distress include
1. "I must perform well to be approved of by others who are perceived as significant"
2. "You must treat me fairly-if not, then it is horrible an I cannot bear it"
3. "Conditions must be my way and if not, I cannot stand to live in such a terrible and awful world.
- ABCDE Theory of Personality: defines the relation between feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
A. The Activating Event
B. The Belief System
C. Emotional Consequences
D. Disputation Challenges to "B"
E. The New Effects
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Donald Meichenbaum
- 1977 publication, Cognitive Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach
- Stress inoculation training: aids clients in coping after events that are stressful. This is also used as a preventative measure to inoculate clients to future stressors. This has 3 phases.
1. Conceptualization Phase: collaborative relationship is made between patient and therapist
2. Skill Acquisition: the learning of coping skills, self-soothing, self-regulation, acceptance, and relaxation
3. Application of Coping Skills: applying coping skills across increasing levels of stressors
Populations and Diagnosis
Populations and Diagnosis
- Originally for people with anxiety and depression
- Now able to be applied to a range of individuals with various health conditions and various ages
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Used for individuals to help cope with significant physical disabilities and illnesses
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Specific CBT practices have been developed for individuals with psychosis
CBT has helped to reduce positive and negative symptoms of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
CBT has also been used at medical hospitals with the geriatric population
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Lately CBT has been made available online and can be used by individuals to increase accessibility and self help resources
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Assumptions
Assumptions
- CBT discusses how a person’s behaviors are influenced by his or her cognitive beliefs and functions.
- CBT is based on underlying assumptions.
- These assumptions are broken into three categories defined as person and cognition, environment and context, and activity/occupation.
- These are called the PEO Assumptions.
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
Person and Cognition
Person and Cognition
(Krupa, Kirsh, Pitts, & Fossey, 2016)
References
Krupa, T., Kirsh, B., Pitts, B., & Fossey, E. (2016). Psychosocial Frames of Reference
(4th ed.). Therofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.