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Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Presented by PERSON for COMPANY
General Characteristics of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
General Characteristics of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Characteristics
Characteristics
- Cells are prokaryotic
- All are single celled
- Cells contain no membrane-bound organelles
- Cells have a single chromosome
- Cells reproduce asexually by binary fission
Habitats
Bacteria are found everywhere!
Habitats
- Air
- Water
- Soil
- On plants and animals
- In plants and animals
Identification and Classification of Eubacteria
Identification and Classification of Eubacteria
There are three main types of bacteria.
Coccus
Coccus
- Plural is cocci.
- Spherical bacterium
- Single cells - monococci
- Pairs - diplococci
- Chains - streptococci
Bacillus
- Plural is bacilli.
- A rod - shaped bacterium.
- Exists as single cells, in pairs (diplobacilli), and in chains (streptobacilli).
Spirillum
- Plural is spirilli.
- A spiral - shaped bacterium.
- Exist only as single cells.
Spirillum
Bacteria Structure
Bacteria Structure
Bacteria are very simple!
They are composed of three or four simple parts.
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
- Outermost structure of the cell.
- Made up of a substance called peptidoglycan (a long chain of sugars linked to amino acis ).
- Penicillin destroys bacteria by interfering with the peptidoglycan molecules.
Cell Membrane
- Found beneath the cell wall.
- May be folded inward.
- ATP production (energy), takes place on the folds of the membrane
Cell Membrane
Capsule
- This is a layer of slime secreted over the cell wall of the bacterium.
- The capsule provides protection for the bacterium.
- Bacteria that have capsules are said to be encapsulated.
- Most pathogenic bacteria are encapsulated.
Flagella
- Some bacteria in the bacilli and spirilli categories can move by way of flagella ( whip - like structures that propel the bacteria).
- Note: Cocci do not have flagella.
Bacteria Physiology
Bacteria Physiology
Oxygen Needs
Oxygen Needs
- Some bacteria need oxygen but not all.
- There are three different types of bacteria when it comes to their oxygen needs.
Aerobic Bacteria
- They must live in the prescence of oxygen.
- Some examples of aerobic bacteria include: _____________________
Facultative Anaerobes
- Can live in the presence or absence of oxygen.
- Some examples of faculative anaerobes include: __________________
Obligate Anaerobes
- They live in the absense of oxygen.
- Some examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium
Obligate Anaerobes
Nutritional Needs
Nutritional Needs
Like all living things bacteria need food.
Bacteria are placed in one of two categories, depending on how they get their food.
Heterotrophic Bacteria
- Heterotrophs must get their food from a source of pre-formed organic matter:
- Saprobes- feed on the remains of dead plants and animals
- Parasites - live on or in the organism and cause disease. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Autotrophic Bacteria
- Autotrophs can make their own food:
- Photosynthetic-use a special type of chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll. Oxygen is not released in bacterial photosynthesis
- Chemosynthetic -obtain energy by breaking down inorganic material such as iron or sulfur.
Reproduction
The growth of bacteria is limited by the following factors
- temperature
- pH
- moisture content
- nutrient availability
- competition from other organisms
Reproduction
Binary Fission
Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission. Using this process bacteria reproduce about every 20 minutes.
Binary Fission
Growth Curve
Growth Curve
- The rate of reproduction can be plotted in a graph called a Growth Curve
- Under ideal conditions one bacterial cell can produce a mass of 2 million Kg in 24 hours.
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