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Theories of Subjectivities
16
Theories of Subjectivity
3. Sensitizes
observations and
understanding
(learning).
1. Description
a. What you are thinking?
b. What you are observing?
c. How you are representing it?
Keys to
Success
4. Prediction
2. Explanation
a. Details
b. Analysis
The assumption made is that a pattern's history is identified and that that pattern will continue into the future, without a mitigating outside infleunce to change its trajectory.
Linguistics
The subject matter of linguistics comprises all manifestations of
human speech, whether that of savages or civilized nations, or of
archaic, classical or decadent periods. In each period the linguist
must consider not only correct speech and flowery language, but all
other forms of expression as well. And that is not all: since he is
often unable to observe speech directly, he must consider written
texts, for only through them can he reach idioms that are remote
in time or space. (6).
de Sussure
Role of Linguistics
Linguistics
Scope of Social Linguistics
Scope
The scope of linguistics should be:
a) to describe and trace the history of all observable languages,
which amounts to tracing the history of families of languages
and reconstructing as far as possible the mother language of
each family (6).
continued
b) to determine the forces that are permanently and universally
at work in all languages, and to deduce the general laws to which all specific historical phenomena can be reduced; and
c) to delimit and define itself.
What is the interplay between society, language, and its representation of social reality?
1. How to understand language
how pronouncement of words is acquired?
(Synchrony)
Language & Society
2. How does language change over time?
(diachronic)?
Time
Language
Language Communities
Community of Speakers
Sign for de Sausurre "represents the whole" to replace the concept and sound-image by the signified and signifier.
Identifiying
Syntactical Structure, Signs (Words) and Social Values
Syntactical Structure, Signs (Words) and Social Values
When we think of the value of a word, we generally think first of its property of standing for an idea, and this is in fact on side of the linguistic value (de Saussure, 114).
Survival
War
Patriotism
Nationalism
From a conceptual viewpoint, value is doubtless one element in signification, and its difficult to see how signification can be dependent upon value and still be distinct to it (de Saussure, ibid).
Semiology
Barthes
Is the study of symbols and meanings.
"The classification of signs: The signified and
the signifier, in Saussurean terminology, are the components of the sign. Now this term, sign, which is found in very different vocabularies (from that of
theology to that of medicine), and whose history is
very rich (running from the Gospels to cybernetics),
is for these very reasons very ambiguous; so before we come back to the Saussurean acceptance of the word, we must say a word about the notional field in which it occupies a place, albeit imprecise, as will be seen" (Barthes 1964: 34).
Sign and Signified
The Relata
"Let us first state the element which is common to all these terms : they all necessarily refer us to a relation between two relata. This feature cannot therefore be used to distinguish any of the terms in the series; to find a variation in meaning, we shall have to resort to other features, which will be expressed here in the form of an alternative (presence/ absence) : i) the relation implies, or does not imply, the mental representation of one of the relata; ii) the
relation implies, or does not imply, an analogy between the relata; iii) the link between the two relata (the stimulus and its response) is immediate or is not; iv) the relata exactly coincide or, on the contrary, one overruns the other; v) the relation implies, or does not imply, an existential connection with the user" (Barthes 1964: ibid).
The Relata
Symbols
"The semiological sign: This perhaps allows us to foresee the nature of the semiological sign in relation to the linguistic sign. The semiological sign is also, like its model, compounded of a signifier and a signified
(the colour of a light, for instance, is an order to move on, in the Highway Code), but it differs from it at the level of its substances. Many semiological systems (objects, gestures, pictorial images) have
a substance of expression whose essence is not to signify; often, they are objects of everyday use, used by society in a derivative way, to signify something: clothes are used for protection and food for nourishment even if they are also used as signs. We propose to call these semiological signs, whose origin is utilitarian and functional, sign-functions" (Barthes 1964: 41).
Method
To Name and Identify a Thing, Person, or Place.
1. Signify is the ability to label what is being observed.
2. Signifier is what is being labeled and identified.
3. Signified is has been labeled and identified.
"Mythology transforms one culture’s values, in Barthes’s case bourgeois French culture, into a universal and natural value: it turns culture into nature, often while still recognizing its status as myth, as a cultural product. It is this duplicity of myth, a construct which represents itself as universal and natural, which characterizes its ideological function" (Alan: 37).
What Truth Claims are Made?
Myth
Merleau-Ponty
A theory emphasizing the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
Exestentialism
PROBLEM
WE SEE THE THINGS THEMSELVES, the world is what we see...(p. 3).
PROBLEM
...we must learn to see it (4)
...the thing is at the end of my gaze and, in general, at the end of my exploration (7).
Vision
Communication
The communication makes us the witnesses of one sole world, as the synergy of our eyes suspends them on one unique thing (11).