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The Cold War
Background
- The Cold War was a period of tension after the Second World War between the two most powerful countries in the world. (The USSR and USA)
Background
Politics
- Capitalism
- Democracy
- Communism
- USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Politics
Europe 1945
Life in Europe
- What diffifuclties did people in France, Germany and Britain face after the war?
- What difficulties did the USSR face? and what advantages did they have?
- Why was the United States in a good position globally?
Life in Europe
Terms
- Superpower
- Truman Doctrine
- Marshall Aid
Terms
Cold War
Why did the Cold War happen?
- Once Hitler had been defeated the differences between how the US and USSR viewed the world caused division.
Why did the Cold War happen?
Background
- Eastern European countries which were forced to become Communist were known as Soviet Satellite States.
- The between Eastern and Western Europe became known as the Iron Curtain.
- The US made money available to Europe to rebuild, this was called the Marshall Plan. Eastern European countries refused the money.
Terms
Berlin Blockade
- The Soviets were concerned about the Strength of West Germany. The Soviets began to put restrictions on trains taking goods out of West Berlin.
- The West introduced a new currency the Deutschmark and Marshall Aid began to arrive.
- In June 1948 the Soviets began blocking all transport in and out of West Berlin (The Blockade)
- The Soviets then blocked all food supplies to West Berlin
- Hoping that the Soviets would not shoot down unarmed cargo planes, the West decided to supply West Berlin from the air. This was called Operation Vittles.
- By August the Operation was a success and 1,500 flights landed every day.
- When winter failed to stop the West the Soviets decided to lift the Blockade in May 1948
Division of Germany
- After the war the Western Allies (France, US, UK) each occupied a part of West Germany. The Soviets occupied the East.
- They agreed to divide Berlin in the same manner.
- In 1947 the Western Allies combined their control into one region.
Division of Germany
Consequences
- The US policy of Containment had worked.
- (Containment = stopping Communism from spreading further)
- The Western Allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) to support each other in case of war with Communists.
Korean War
Background
- Japan invaded during WWII, when the Japanese lost the war the Americans and Soviets agreed to divide influence half way along Korea.
- South Korea = Democratic Republic (Supported by USA)
- North Korea = Communist Republic (Supported by USSR and China)
American Unease
- By the 1950's America felt more threatened by the Communists.
- The Soviets developed an atomic bomb
- The democratic government in China was defeated by communists. Communist China became an ally of the USSR
American Unease
North invades South
- In 1950 Communist North Korea got Soviet support (weapons and planning help) to invade the South and take over all of Korea. They won and got all the way to Pusan in the far south.
- The UN voted to invade and liberate democratic South Korea. US led the invasion under President Truman.
- General McArthur was in charge of war.
- The UN forces pushed the Communists all the way up Korea, up to the border with Communist China.
China enters the War
China
- Communist China didn't want a Democratic/American run Korean state on its border.
- 300,000 Chinese troops pushed the UN army back.
- The USSR sent aid and plans to the Chinese and North Koreans but didn't fight directly.
- President Truman wanted to avoid war with China, he fired McArthur.
- Peace talks settled the border on the original border, the 38th parallel.
- A demilitarised zone DMZ was created as a buffer zone.
Consquences
Consquences
- Containment works
- No active war between USA and USSR
- Cold war being fought all over the world. US making global commitment.
South V. North
Cuban Missile Crisis
Background
- The new Soviet leader Khrushchev was more moderate than Stalin.
- US and USSR engaged in an Arms Race (stockpiling weapons).
- They also engaged in the Space Race to be the first country to achieve various missions in space.
- Capitalist countries were becoming rich thanks to Marshall aid while communist countries were becoming poorer.
- The Berlin Wall was built to separate East and West Berlin.
Cuba in the 1960's
Background
- Cuba had been a US colony but Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution and gained independence.
- The US attempted to overthrow Castro, they landed agents at the Bay of Pigs but this operation was a disaster.
- Castro began looking for protection.
- Khrushchev, the Soviet Premier agreed to buy sugar from Cuba if the USSR could store missiles in Cuba.
Crisis
- US spy planes called U2's saw the missile silos on Cuba.
- US President Kennedy acted in secret so that the Soviets would not realise that the Americans knew about the missiles.
- Kennedy didn't want to risk war with the Soviets by invading Cuba so he decided to blockade Cuba and prevent Soviet missiles from coming ashore (He used his navy to stop ships entering Cuban waters).
- Kennedy announced to the world that he was aware of the missiles and he encouraged the Soviets to stay away.
- Khrushchev didn't want a war and he ordered the ships to slow down.
- JFK's brother Robert was sent to Moscow to negotiate a settlement and have the missiles removed from Cuba.
Consequences
Peace terms
- Soviets withdrew their missiles from Cuba.
- Americans promised not to attack Cuba again.
- USA promised to remove the missiles they had secretly installed in Turkey.
Consequences
Long term consequences
- It became clear that neither the US nor USSR wanted a war and they would have to work together to avoid them.
- A hotline (special phone line) was set up between the White House and Kremlin to avoid future crises.
- Partial Test Ban Treaty: Both superpowers agree to stop testing new nuclear weapons.
Consequences
- In 1985 Gorbachev became the Soviet leader, he wanted better relations with America and more independence for Eastern Europe.
- By now Capitalist countries were much richer than communist ones and people took their chance to change the government. Revolutions broke out all over Eastern Europe, bringing down communist governments.
- East and West Germany joined together after protesters began tearing down the Berlin Wall.
- The USSR collapsed into a number of smaller countries, some are now full democracies.
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