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China, Mongolia, and Taiwan

Climate Types

The Region Today

Cultural Features

Major Regions of China

  • Southern China—Most productive economic region, with a large percentage of the population; “China’s rice bowl”; Shanghai, largest city in China; Special Economic Zones
  • Northern China—Includes North China Plain and Beijing (capital); dams for irrigation and hydroelectricity along the Huang River
  • Northeastern China—Formerly called Manchuria; rich in resources; nomadic herding common
  • Western China—Includes Tibet and Muslim Turk regions; dry, high, and cold; herders and irrigation farmers; Dalai Lama lives in exile

Forbidden city

Beijing

Shanghai

  • Han Chinese form majority of population.
  • Mandarin is the main language.
  • Additional dialects include Cantonese, Hunan, and Sichuan (Szechuan)
  • Major religions are
  • Buddhism
  • Taoism - emphasizes living a simple life in harmony with nature
  • Confucianism - centers on family loyalty, duty, and education.
  • Minority groups mainly live along borders and in west; maintain distinct cultures.
  • Most people live in eastern regions, especially coast and river valleys.
  • Migration from rural areas is causing rapid urbanization.
  • Great art traditions include architecture, literature, calligraphy, music, painting, and pottery.
  • Chinese food is highly varied and has spread around the world.
  • Diet is based on rice, noodles, bread, tofu, vegetables, pork, poultry, duck, seafood, tea.
  • Monsoon system has major impact; eastern third of China receives most rainfall
  • Mild humid subtropical—Southeastern China, Taiwan
  • Humid continental—Northeastern China; warm humid summers and cold dry winters
  • Dry highland—Western China, Tibet; cold, rain shadow in Taklimakan Desert
  • Semiarid and arid—North-central China and Mongolia; extreme temperatures (high elevation and latitudes)

Natural Environments

Landforms and Rivers

China

  • Mountains—Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan, Altay Shan, Greater Khingan Range
  • Plateaus and basins—Plateau of Tibet, Tarim Basin, Turpan Depression
  • Plains and river valleys—Coastal plain, Red (Sichuan) Basin, North China Plain, Manchurian Plain
  • Major rivers—Huang He (Yellow River), Chang (Yangtze River), Xi (Pearl River)

Mongolia

  • Mongolian Plateau, Gobi Desert

Taiwan

  • High mountains in east; flatter area in west
  • located near tectonic boundaries, earthquakes are common

History and Culture

Mongolia: Geographic Facts

Early History

  • First dynasty, the Shang, emerged along Chang River, 1700's B.C.
  • Qin, the first imperial dynasty, began Great Wall in 200's B.C.
  • Han dynasty (202 B.C.–A.D. 220) built great empire.
  • After period of decline, Chinese power returned in 600's under Tang and Sung.
  • Mongols conquered China by 1279.
  • Area - More than twice as big as Texas
  • Population - 2.6 million (lowest population density in the world)
  • Capital - Ulaanbaatar
  • Main Religion - Tibetan Buddhism
  • Major Resources - Coal, copper, oil
  • Economic Activity - Herding livestock—people are outnumbered by livestock
  • Industries - Processed foods, clothing, footwear, paper
  • Major Challenges - Mongolia faces food shortages and a shortage of water resources. Its isolated and landlocked location makes it difficult to attract investment and economic aid.

Roman Empire vs Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan

The Great Wall

Resources

  • Minerals—Top producer of coal, lead, tin, tungsten; also iron ore, bauxite, gold, other metals
  • Energy—Oil, natural gas, hydroelectric power (Three Gorges Dam)
  • Soils—Wide variety, but only 10% arable; terrace farming, nomadic herding, ducks, peanuts, rice, citrus fruits, tea, sugarcane, wheat, sorghum, millet, soybeans
  • Fishing, aquaculture; silk production

Taiwan vs. China

Stand up and Stretch!

Refocus...

  • Taiwan is one of Asia’s richest and most industrialized countries.
  • Exports include computers, scientific instruments, and sports equipment.
  • China claims Taiwan as a province; Taiwan claims to be the legitimate government of China.
  • Economic interdependence draws them closer, but political and economic differences remain.

Examples of terrace farming

Its impact

Three Gorges Dam

Taiwan

Modern Political Events

  • Europeans set up trade colonies beginning in 1557.
  • China lost wars and territory to European powers in 1800s.
  • Sun Yat-sen formed Republic of China in 1912.
  • Japan seized Manchuria, then occupied eastern China during World War II.
  • After the war, Communists under Mao took over; Nationalists fled to Taiwan.
  • Mao’s Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution brought decline and chaos.
  • China moved toward modernization and a market economy under Deng Xiaoping.
  • Leaders crushed the pro-democracy movement in Tiananmen Square in 1989.

"Tank Man"

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