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Multilingualism

1

2

What is multilingualism?

#1

the use of more than one language or competence in more than one language

Are Indonesians multilingual? In what way?

#2

Two kinds of multilingualism:

1. Official

2. de facto

Official multilingualism: acknowledged by the Government

Example:

Switzerland has four official languages: German, French, Italian, Romansh

de facto multilingualism: multilingual in actuality, but sometimes not admitted officially by the Government

Canada has two official languages; but in fact, there are more languages spoken in the country such as Arabic, Hindi, Urdu, Mandarin

What kind of multilingualism does Indonesia belong to? Why?

#3

Reasons for multilingualism:

  • migration
  • cultural contact
  • annexation (adding a territory)
  • colonialism
  • commercial
  • scientific
  • technological dependence

Look at the question:

Who uses what language with whom and for what purposes?

Domains at the sociopsychological level (Barber, 1952):

Domains at the sociopsychological level (Barber, 1952):

  • intimate
  • formal
  • informal
  • intergroup

a situation in which two languages or two varieties of the same language are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speaker

DIGLOSSIA

High and Low functions of language

High and Low functions of language

Examples:

  • in a masjid, church, government, newspaper, textbooks
  • at home, in the market, with friends
  • standardised American English
  • African-American English
  • colloquial English

How do high and low functions differ?

Your task:

1. Go to Instagram or Twitter

2. Find an Instagram posting or a tweet with a caption that uses more than one language

3. How many languages?

4. What are the languages?

Code-switching

  • the alternation between varieties, or codes, across sentences or clause boundaries
  • the use of more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within an utterance, or between different speakers or situations

Types of code-switching

Situational code-switching

the switch is in response to a change in situation

Types of code-switching

Metaphorical code-switching

the switch has a stylistic or textual functions such as to signal a quotation, to mark emphasis, to signal a change in tone

Reasons for code-switching:

  • emphasise a point
  • expressive
  • habitual expressions
  • show identity
  • phatic
  • quote others
  • mood of speaker
  • explain message
  • clarify

code-switching or code-mixing?

In code-switching, the grammar of both languages are reflected.

code-switching or code-mixing?

In code-mixing, the grammar of both languages are NOT reflected.

The captions of tweets you obtained, code-switching or code-mixing?

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Questions?

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