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PBL

AY

Atakan Yavuzarslan

Transcript

Problem Based Learning

“Problems are not stop signs, they are guidelines.”

Robert H. Shuller

What is Problem Based Learning?

Problem Based Learning is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem.

Exploring PBL

This problem is what drives the motivation and the learning.

History of PBL

Problem Based Learning, as a general model, was developed in medical education in the mid-1950's, and since that time it has been refined and implemented in over sixty medical schools. Most wide spread application of the PBL approach has been in the first two years of medical science curricula, where it replaces the traditional lectures to anatomy, physiology.

History

The model has been adopted in an increasing number of other areas, including business schools, architecture, law, engineering.

Key Points

In this part, we will go over the key points when you apply the PBL model.

Problem Based Learning can be

"applied in very different ways"

Teachers can differentiate the model depending on

Key Points

content, student's needs and etc.

Role of the teacher

In Problem Based Learning model, teacher is in facilitator position which is responsible for:

  • developing student's thinking and reasoning skills (problem solving, critical thinking, metacognition)
  • Helping them to become independent, self-directed learners (learning management)

Roles

The facilitator does not use his or her knowledge of the content to ask questions that will lead the learners to the "correct answer". The learners have ownership of the problem, it is focused on metacognitive process.

Role of the student

In Problem Based Learning model, students have responsibility for their own learning by identifying their learning issues and needs. Students assume the role of "problem-solvers, decision makers and meaning-makers rather than passive listeners.

Student Role

As the students are coached in their roles as real world investigators and active learners, they become self-regulated learners empowered to

investigate needed information, pursue logical lines of inquiry, and learn actively. The

students develop into self-directed learners and problem solvers

Requirements

In order to apply Problem Based Learning,

  • environment which enables easy social interaction and research opportunity, is needed.
  • teachers must be able to design lesson for Problem Based Learning.
  • students must be aware of their responsibilities.
  • students must have opportunity to give feedback.

Requirements

These are the fundamentals, requirements can be different depending on the application of Problem Based Learning model.

Analyzing PBL

There are some important points that worth mentioning:

  • Differences between Problem Based Learning Model and Project Based Learning such as there is no final product in PBL or in Project Based Learning, differs in terms of motivation( learning vs completing).
  • In PBL, teacher doesn't have the right answer unlike Socratic Model.
  • Problem Based Learning is OPEN-ENDED. Implementations can vary.
  • It can be applied to almost every area.

Analyzing PBL

Technology & PBL

Technology can play a major role in the problem based learning. It can be very helpful for teachers and students. For example:

  • Web searches can help teachers both find good problems that students will engage with and solutions of these problems, which will enable teachers to assist better their students during the class time.
  • To develop a better plan to solve the problem, students can be asked to organise, document and share resources both inside the groups and among the groups. However, teachers must think about whether such resources are good to arrive at the purpose and easy to access for students.
  • Also, some problems in problem based learning can require data analysis and data gathering for their solutions. To do so, students will always benefit from technological tools.

Technology

What are the steps in PBL?

As we mentioned before in previous sections, PBL applications may vary depending on many variable but there are some basics:

  • present or identify problem
  • develop a plan
  • implement the plan
  • evaluate the implementation results.

Steps

Problem Phase

Teacher needs to forward student's attention to a specific point to help them to generate problem. In order to do it, teacher can use media such as video, news etc.

After teacher gained students attention, he/she can start discussion and collect questions. Finally, we are ready to define a problem.

Problem Phase

There are some points that we need to take care of while we define a problem. These are:

  • Problem should be authentic, ill-structured problem that requires further research.
  • Real life related problems are preferred in order to keep students attention.

Developing Plan

Developing a Plan

In this step, teacher let students discuss to have an idea about their prior knowledge and also guide them to build problem solving strategy. (Brainstorming)

In order to guide them, teacher can provide them resources or ask them probing questions.

Additionally, teacher

  • review their progress
  • monitor their interactions to ensure that they work as a group.
  • scaffold students progress.

Strategy Implementation

Implementation

In this step,

  • students work in groups so as to solve the problem.,
  • depending on application of model, groups can work in class or out of class.
  • there could be various way to solve a problem, so students can find different solutions.
  • In order to evaluate their learning process, teacher may ask to record their work or teachers can use in-class activities at the end of each step.
  • Each group can present their work or they can select a plan to imply as whole class

Results & Evaluation

In last part, students expected to reflect or evaluate effectiveness of the solution that they developed or challenges that they face during group work. It helps teacher to improve the lesson plans, as well.

Using self-evaluation paper would be very effective to monitor their learning process and challenges from their words.

Also, teacher can expect extra activity from students to recall what they learned in class.

Evaluation

ADVANTAGES OF PBL

1. Development of Long-Term Knowledge Retention

-Students who participate in problem-based learning activities can improve their abilities to retain and recall information, according to “elaboration of knowledge at the time of learning".

-Small-group discussion can be especially beneficial ideally, each student will get chances to participate. But regardless of group size, problem-based learning promotes long-term knowledge retention by encouraging students to discuss — and answer questions about — new concepts as they’re learning them.

Pros of PBL

2. Use of Diverse Instruction Types

-Teachers can use problem-based learning activities to the meet the diverse learning needs and styles of your students, effectively engaging a diverse classroom in the process.

-In general, grouping students together for problem-based learning will allow them to:

  • Address real-life issues that require real-life solutions, appealing to students who struggle to grasp abstract concepts
  • Participate new discussions
  • Talk about their ideas and challenge each other in a constructive manner
  • Tackle a problem using a range of content you provide — such as videos, audio recordings, news articles and other applicable material

Since running a problem-based learning scenario will give you a way to use these differentiated instruction approaches, it can be especially worthwhile if your students don’t have similar learning preferences.

2. Use of Diverse Instruction Types

3. Continuous Engagement

-Providing a problem-based learning challenge can engage students by acting as a break from normal lessons and common exercises.

-It’s not hard to see the potential for engagement, as kids collaborate to solve real-world problems that directly affect or heavily interest them.

-Increasing student attendance provide better attitudes towards courses.

-Activities by applying teachers may lose some inherent engagement if you repeat them too often, but can certainly inject excitement into class.

3. Continuous Engagement

4. Development of Transferable Skills

-Problem-based learning can help students develop skills they can transfer to real-world scenarios.

-The tangible contexts and consequences presented in a problem-based learning activity “allow learning to become more profound and durable.” As you present lessons through these real-life scenarios, students should be able to apply learnings if they eventually face similar issues.

-For example, if they work together to address a dispute within the school, they may develop lifelong skills related to negotiation and communicating their thoughts with others.

-As long as the problem’s context applies to out-of-class scenarios, students should be able to build skills they can use again.

4. Development of Transferable Skills

5. Improvement of Teamwork and Interpersonal Skills

5. Improvement of Teamwork and Interpersonal Skills

-Successful completion of a problem-based learning challenge hinges on interaction and communication, meaning students should also build transferable skills based on teamwork and collaboration.

-Instead of memorizing facts, they get chances to present their ideas to a group, defending and revising them when needed.

-What’s more, this should help them understand a group dynamic. Depending on a given student, this can involve developing listening skills and a sense of responsibility when completing one’s tasks.

-Such skills and knowledge should serve your students well when they enter higher education levels and, eventually, the working world.

Disadvantages of PBL

1. Potentially Poorer Performance on Tests

-Devoting too much time to problem-based learning can cause issues when students take standardized tests, as they may not have the breadth of knowledge needed to achieve high scores.

-Whereas problem-based learners develop skills related to collaboration and justifying their reasoning, many tests reward fact-based learning with multiple choice and short answer questions. Despite offering many advantages, you could spot this problem develop if you run problem-based learning activities too regularly.

Cons of PBL

2. Student Unpreparedness

On a class-by-class and activity-by-activity basis, participation may be hindered due to:

  • Immaturity — Some students may not display enough maturity to effectively work in a group, not fulfilling expectations and distracting other students.
  • Unfamiliarity — Some kids may struggle to grasp the concept of an open problem, since they can’t rely on you for answers.
  • Lack of Prerequisite Knowledge — Although the activity should address a relevant and tangible problem, students may require new or abstract information to create an effective solution.

2. Student Unpreparedness

You can partially mitigate these issues by actively monitoring the classroom and distributing helpful resources, such as guiding questions and articles to read. This should keep students focused and help them overcome knowledge gaps.

3. Teacher Unpreparedness

-If supervising a problem-based learning activity is a new experience, you may have to prepare to adjust some teaching habits.

-Distributing content for research and to reinforce new concepts.

-Instead of asking targeted questions to a group or the class, teacher gets hard to focus their attention on a specific aspect of the problem.

3. Teacher Unpreparedness

5. Varying Degrees of Relevancy and Applicability

4 .Varying Degrees of Relevancy and Applicability

-It can be difficult to identify a tangible problem that students can solve with content they’re studying and skills they’re mastering. This introduces two clear issues:

  • 1)If it is easy for students to divert from the challenge’s objectives, they may miss pertinent information.

  • 2)Teacher could veer off the problem’s focus and purpose as students run into unanticipated obstacles. It can also make it hard to get back on track once the activity is complete.

-Because of the difficulty associated with keeping activities relevant and applicable, you may see problem-based learning as too taxing.

Generalization of PBL

Throughout the our course, we learned to apply "concept map" in order to clarify the subject. Here is an example concept map of Pbl;

Summary

Useful Links

Useful resources and papers about PBL

Here is a video that it explains how to implement of pbl;

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMtLXXf9Sko (uygulamalı)
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLqnxIR2Fj4 (normal)

We want to show you that first grade students how to apply Pbl?

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBjf6pw9t4s

For middle school;

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hBZBTYRxuM

Also, Microsoft Education prepared a video that pbl empowers the lessons in schools.

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avzLzfIbYNc

Solving Real-World Problems: Bringing Authentic Context to Learning is an example video:

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3IL0J3XMbA

PBL Bank, that you can find many lesson plans from various area.

  • http://www1.udel.edu/pblc/index.html