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What is the Kyoto Protocol?

Kyoto Protocol

Jaysean Sohal, Amna Fiaz, Benjamin Newton-Bett and Nitin Bhendwal

Purposes/Goals

Relationship with contemporary globalization

Beneficial or not?

Pro/Cons

Articles

Infographic

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December, 1977. Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February, 2005. Currently there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol is based on the the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows its annex- based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities", because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of greenhouse-gas emissions in the atmosphere.

Purposes/Goals

The Kyoto Protocol called on countries to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Canada set a target of 6%. According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the objective is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".

Goals of the member countries of the Kyoto Protocol

Pros/Cons

It aimed at reducing the effects of climate change.

Countries who decided to join the Protocol and approved it are expected to reduce emissions of not only carbon dioxide but also other greenhouse gases, which includes:

.methane

.nitrous oxide

.hydro fluorocarbons

.per fluorocarbons

.sulphur hexafluoride

The Kyoto Protocol also established a number of market mechanisms to assist affluent countries in reducing emissions, including investing in low-carbon projects in low-income areas throughout the world.

Pro#1

It is a global collaborative effort.

We all inherited this planet, thus we must all do something to save it, right? Although studies have been conducted to show that people are to blame for the status of our planet, science does not need to be used to teach us that what we have been doing to excess is bad. As a result, the Protocol was formed to try to correct those wrongs.

It also drew the world together using the same ideology as the First World War, bringing many brilliant minds together and creating immense invention.

Pro#2

It only requires wealthy nations to cut emissions.

Con#1

Surprisingly, developing countries like China and India declined to join the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Protocol was being debated at the time, it was probably a good idea for them to stay out of the conversation.

However, in today's world, where developing countries are major sources of carbon emissions, and by excluding them, the Protocol's goal becomes increasingly illogical.

The Protocol was agreed to by the United States, but not ratified. In other words, we have one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emitters who refuses to participate in a Protocol aimed at reducing those emissions. Russia did not agree to join the Kyoto Protocol until 2005, for example.

Canada's exit from the Protocol in 2012, due to a failure to fulfill targets, was also disappointing.

None of the limits imposed on participating countries resulted in a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Yes, participating countries indicated that their emissions of hazardous gases into the atmosphere have decreased. Data, on the other hand, contradicts this. Everything these days is about how everything is getting warmer and how global emissions are actually increasing - and at an alarming rate.

Con#2

Relationship with contemporary globalization

Since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December of 1997, the international community has been paying close attention to its impact on both the environment and the economy. The annual Conference of Parties (COP), which began in 1995 for reviewing the implementation of the UNFCCC, provides a global road map for climate change action. Specifically, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) laid a strong foundation for a universal agreement on climate change by providing a new direction.

Beneficial or not?

I don’t think that it is a beneficial aspect of contemporary globalization because Canada has not tried to progress towards their goal due to numerous reasons, such as opposition to Kyoto (Japan fought against Canada and the rest of the Allies). The consequences of not following the Protocol can be seen nowadays, where greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 21.4% since 1990.

Articles

Amna

I think that this article explains the Kyoto Protocol because it is by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, a subsidiary of the United Nations. The UNFCCC laid the groundwork for the Kyoto Protocol (as shown in the article). The Protocol shares the objectives and institutions of the Convention. The convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions.

Article: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol#:~:text=The%20Kyoto%20Protocol%20was%20adopted%20on%2011%20December%201997.&text=In%20short%2C%20the%20Kyoto%20Protocol,accordance%20with%20agreed%20individual%20targets.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Kyoto-Protocol

Nitin

In this article it is talking about how the japanese city in which adopted in December 1997. For the background and provisions The Kyoto Protocol was adopted as the first addition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change .the challenges the faces were alot.Although the Kyoto Protocol represented a landmark diplomatic accomplishment, its success was far from assured. Indeed, reports issued in the first two years after the treaty took effect indicated that most participants would fail to meet their emission targets.

The article I chose described the Kyoto Protocol's catastrophic faults and failure. The emission reduction targets were too high for anyone to achieve, therefore it was doomed to fail, and because several of the top emitters walked out of the pact, many other countries followed suit.

Ben

Article: https://www.cfr.org/book/collapse-kyoto-protocol-and-struggle-slow-global-warming

This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol on climate change is a fundamentally flawed agreement that set back solutions on climate change by two decades. Using a systematic framework focused on compliance, efficiency, and effectiveness, I analyze the Kyoto Protocol and argue it is a clear case of institutional failure, with the design itself bearing substantial blame for this outcome.

Jaysean

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/polp.12105

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