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Baseball Swing Movement Analysis

Lena Colson & Miguel Vazquez

Baseball Swing

Topic

Overview

The act of swinging in baseball is a complex movement. In every sport-specific movement there is a concentric and eccentric portion. At the highest level of the sport, baseball players are able to synchronously utilize their lower extremity to produce large amounts off power, released through the bat at impact with the ball.

Baseball Swing Cycle

Swing Cycle

Drive Phase

Stance Phase

Follow-through

Slow Motion Baseball Swing

Swing in Slow Motion

Eccentric Phase

The eccentric phase of the baseball swing could be related to an extended spring. Upon release of the spring there will be an explosive shortening of the unit as a whole. In this phase, the ball player retains this energy of the muscles as they time the ball coming at them.

Eccentric Phase

Topic

Hip Flexion

  • Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Hip Joint

Right Lateral Rotation

  • Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

Pelvic Girdle

Right Transverse Rotation

  • Psoas, iliacus

Knee Flexion

  • recuts femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis,

Knee Joint

Dorsiflexion

  • gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

Ankle Joint

Lumbar Rotation

  • Internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, lumbar multifarious

Trunk

Concentric Phase

The concentric phase, in comparison to the spring analogy, is the rapid shortening of the lower extremity. The baseball player has located the ball and will transfer the energy from the ground through their legs and to the ball with the bat. This all occurs in under a second.

Concentric Phase

Topic

Hip Extension

  • semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus

Hip Joint

Internal Rotation

  • gracillis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Rear Hip Movement

External Rotation

Lead Hip Movement

  • biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, posterior fibers of glute medius, piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris

Left Lateral Rotation

  • Tensor fasciae latae, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius,

Left Transverse Rotation

Pelvic Girdle

  • Psoas, iliacus

Extension (Lead Knee)

  • Recuts femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis,

Knee Joint

Internal Rotation

  • Popliteus, semimebranosus, semitendinosus

Rear Knee Movement

Flexion

  • Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius, plantaris

Plantar Flexion (Rear leg)

  • Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

Ankle Joint

Inversion/Adduction

  • Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

Lead Leg Ankle Movement

Lumbar Rotation

  • Internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, lumbar multifarious

Trunk

Isometric Contraction

Isometric muscle contraction refers to the buildup of tension within a muscle without the movement of the joint angle. These can also be known as static contractions, as there can be a large amount of rigidity within the joint to maintain stability overall. This is exemplified in a baseball swing along the player's trunk and neck.

Isometric Phase

Topic

Cervical Rotation

Posterior Neck

  • splenious cervicis, spelnius capitis

Trunk

Anterior Neck

  • sternocleidomastoid

Posterior Spine

  • erector spinae: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Lumbar

Summary

Topic

Conclusion

A baseball swing is a complex body movement that includes both muscles in the upper and lower extremities. The concentric and eccentric phases of movement in the lower body and trunk were the focus of this presentation. The loading, action, and follow-through steps of a swing were analyzed through specification of muscle contractions and joints involved.

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