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MRI

EB

Esther B

Transcript

Medical Imaging

By Esther Banjo

MRIs

April 9, 2020

What Is It

Introduction

MRI

MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging

MRIs are used in the industry of medicine

They are used to diagnose a variety of conditions from:

  • torn ligaments to tumors
  • brain and spinal cord complications
  • eye, ear, heart, and circulatory system complications

to:

  • infection and inflammatory conditions

MRI

Images

Relations

Course Relations

MRI is related to our Grade 11 physics course as it involves concepts which are covered in the electricity and magnetism unit. This topic is directly related to the magnetism unit as MRI's function using extremely strong magnetic fields to produce highly detailed images of inside the human body. Furthermore, magnetic fields are regions of space around magnets, resulting in magnetic forces on magnetic objects. This evidently falls under magnetism as magnetism refers to the an attractive and repulsive phenomenon produced by a moving electric charge which consists of both an electric field and a magnetic field.

How It Works

How It Works

MRIs differ from other imaging machines as they do not use radiation. Instead, they use radio waves which re-align hydrogen atoms within the body. As the hydrogen atoms return to their usual spots, they emit various amounts of energy, varying based on the type of body tissue they are in. As the atoms release energy, the scanner captures it and creates a picture using this information. As electric currents pass through wire coils a magnetic unit is produced, these coils then send and receive radio waves, resulting in signals which are detected by the machine. A computer then processes the signals and creates multiple images which portray various parts of the body.

Here are images to help understand the process

MRI

Word Probem

An MRI produces a radio wave which travels at 3.00 x 10*8⁸m/s with a frequency of 64MHz. Calculate the wavelength of the radio wave.

Solution

GRASS

Given:

V=3.00 x 10*8m/s (300000000 m/s)

f=64MHz (64000000 Hz)

Required:

= ?

Appropriate equation:

Solution:

300000000 m/s

64000000 Hz

= 4.6875 m

Statement:

The wavelength of the radio wave coming from the MRI is 4. 7m.

Benefits

Impact

Society

  • MRI is non-invasive and does not use radiation

- Safer & More convenient for patients

  • Does not use iodine based substances like x-rays and CT scans

- Patients have a less risk of an allergic reaction

Economy

  • MRI can determine if a cancer has spread, and help determine the best treatment

- Doctors save money when knowing exactly the condition they're dealing with

  • MRIs cover the whole body and diagnose a wide span of conditions unlike many other medical devices

-Medicine industry benefits economically; in the long term it is worth the price as it 1 machine that can provide multiple images at the same time, helping diagnose conditions other imaging devices cannot

Disadvantages

Society

Impact

  • Not suitable for claustrophobic patients
  • Has limitations which restrict certain people from benefiting

- Requires total stillness and breath-holding abilities, which is difficult and worsens image quality

- N/A for Overweight patients

- Patients with serious kidney problems become at risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis due to injection of gadolinium

Economy

  • MRI scanners are very expensive upfront
  • MRI's have trouble distinguishing cancerous tumors from non-harmful disease:

- This may lead to false diagnosis causing unneeded medications being used & bought

Hearing

Safety Consideration

MRIs have developed our abilities when visualizing human bodies but it comes with a Safety Consideration:

MRIs produce high-intensity noise which can easily cause hearing loss or induce:

Tinnitus

  • Ringing or buzzing sound in the ear when noise is absent

Hyperacusis

  • sound sensitivity; loud noises become painful

Action

Hearing Aids

A means of action which is resorted to in the MRI environment is to provide MRI patients with one of the following:

  • Ear plugs
  • Headphones
  • Ear muffs

Or less commonly used;

  • Washcloths
  • Towels
  • Sponges

These are then packed next to the ears for hearing protection

Career

Radiologists

A radiologist is a medical doctor that diagnoses and treats disease and injury using medical imaging equipment such as:

  • MRIs
  • X-Rays
  • CT scanners
  • Ultrasound

Education Requirements

Education

Graduate from High school With a Diploma

Complete a bachelor's degree

Graduate from medical school

Complete an internship

Pass a state licensing exam

Complete a residency program in radiology

Pass additional exams to become board certified

Complete an optional specialization fellowship

Scientist

Sir Peter Mansfield was a British scientist that was awarded the Nobel Piece prize for Medicine in 2003

Sir Peter

Mansfield

For his contribution to the invention of magnetic resonance imaging

Contribution

Sir Peter led to the usage of gradients (changes of magnitude)

in the magnetic field

  • He also showed how the changes could be mathematically calculated.

In conclusion he led to the development of a convenient imaging technique

Works Cited

Citations

Images

  • Image 1: http://www.sickkids.ca/Research/mskids/Diagnosing-demyelination-and-MS/MRI/MRI.html
  • Image 2: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php
  • Image 3: https://www.midmichigan.org/Microsites/open-mri-mt-pleasant/about/howmriworks/
  • Image 4: https://science.howstuffworks.com/mri3.htm
  • Image 5: https://careerbright.com/career-jobs/how-long-does-it-take-to-become-a-radiologist-technician
  • Image 6: https://www.prideofbritain.com/history/2016/sir-peter-mansfield
  • Image 7: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-memoriam%3A-Sir-Peter-Mansfield-(1933-2017).-Mansfield/0ed625d66d9dd6194e26d33750e83a6267180f7c

Websites

Works Cited

  • Body MRI - magnetic resonance imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. (2018, June 18). Retrieved from https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=bodymr
  • Curtis, P. (2003, October 6). MRI scientists win Nobel prize. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/06/highereducation.uk1
  • Experts, K. H. M. (Ed.). (n.d.). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/mri.html
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri#pid-951MRI.
  • (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cancerquest.org/patients/detection-and-diagnosis/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri
  • MRI Scans. (2019, April 29). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/mriscans.html
  • Scampini, J. (2010, May 10). Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)titletagsMI. Retrieved from https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/4/4681.html
  • Sheppard, A., Chen, Y.-C., & Salvi, R. (2018). doi: 0.1097/01.HJ.0000532395.75558.2d
  • Sir Peter Mansfield. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2003/mansfield/facts/
  • Tinnitus and Hyperacusis. (2019, October 1). Retrieved from https://www.chs.ca/tinnitus-and-hyperacusis
  • What is a Radiologist? (2015, December 9). Retrieved from https://oarinfo.ca/patient-info/what-radiologist