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Basic Concepts of

Gender-based Violence (GBV)

Dr. Hamira Welye

INTRO

Statistical Narration

Brain teaser

Impact

WHAT WE KNOW

1. Population: 201 million

Females: 49.4%, Males: 50.6%

Females of Reproductive age: 51%

(State of World Population 2019)

2. 35% of WRA have faced GBV

(WHO (2016). "Violence against women." Intimate partner and sexual violence against women from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/)

What we know

FURTHERMORE

FURTHER

RAPED

3a. 87.2% Vaginally raped

(Ezechi OC, et al. (2016). "Trends and patterns of sexual assaults in Lagos south-western Nigeria. . 2016;24:261. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.261.9172." The Pan African Medical Journal 24(10): 261)

3b. 17% Vaginally raped

(GBVIMS, April 2019)

GBVIMS

4. 5% of raped victims end in pregnancy

(Holmes MM, et al. (1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women." Am J Obstet Gynecol 175(2): 320-324)

PREGNANCY

1. Population: 201,000,000

2. 49.4% Females = 99,294,000

3. 51% WRA = 50,639,940

4. 35% faced GBV = 17,723,979

5. 17% reported rape = 3,013,076

6. 5% will be pregnant = 150,654

INFORMATION

Impact

What drives us

150,000 potential...

Impact

1. Maternal mortality

2. Infant mortality

3. Street children

Ability to Cope?

DIVING DEEPER

Key Concepts

Concepts

POWER

POWER

The ability to influence or control; includes access to decision-making

Types or sources of power:

Physical

Economic

Political

Social

Different uses of power:

Positive: educating, protecting, accountability

Negative: Corruption, harassment, exploitation, violence

VIOLENCE

Violence

Generally, any act or series of acts that undermines the health, well-being and development of an individual or group of individuals

Violence can be:

Physical

Psychological/Emotional

Economic

Social

INFORMED CONSENT

Informed Consent

Consent: Mutual agreement

Informed consent:

Understanding the implications of that to which you agree

Understanding and being able to exercise the right of free choice

HUMAN RIGHTS

Human Rights

-Universal legal guarantees protecting individuals and groups

-Human rights law obliges governments (principally)

-Human rights are: Universal, Inalienable, Indivisible, Inter-related and inter-dependent.

-Acts of GBV violate fundamental and universal human rights such as;

-Right to life

-Right to personal security

-Right to equal protection under the law

-The right to freedom of torture and other inhumane or degrading treatment

GENDER

Gender

-Social differences between males and females that are learned

…though deeply rooted in every culture (girl swimming), is changeable over time

…has wide variations both within and between cultures

Determines the roles, responsibilities, opportunities, privileges, expectations and limitations for males and for females in any culture.

Key results

WHICH IS IT?

1. Women give birth to babies, men don’t

2. Little girls are gentle and boys are tough

3. Among Indian agricultural workers, women are paid

4. 40-60% of the male wage

5. Women can breastfeed babies, men can bottle feed babies

Definition

Gender-based violence is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will, and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females.

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

Clarifications

Around the world, GBV disproportionately affects women and girls because of their subordinate status to men and boys

As such, the term is most often used to highlight women and girls’ particular vulnerability to violence because of gender inequality

Understanding further

SOME FIGURES

Women are the majority of the world’s poor: 70% of people living in poverty

Women represent more than two-thirds of the world’s illiterate

Women own only 1% of the world’s land

Women are almost entirely excluded from political power: they hold 15.6% of elected parliamentary seats globally.

6 out 10 women interviewed reported to have experienced one or more forms of GBV

7% increase in SV since the insurgency

NARRATIVES

FOUNDATION

GBV Tree

Causes and Contributing factors

Branches: sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, economic abuse

Leaves: These can be far reaching –

-Physical consequences like STDs, unwanted pregnancies,

-Emotional, psychological, and social consequences

Weather/Temperature: Broken systems: community and family support

Institutions; health, security

Power; lawlessness, HR violations, impunity Poverty; lack of access to resources

e.t.c

Roots: society’s attitudes and practices towards gender: discrimination, accepted gender roles, lack of economic and social value for women, disregard for gender equality, HRs, democracy, dialogue/non violent ways of conflict resolution

FORMS AND EFFECTS

FORMS of GBV

Types of Gender-Based Violence include but is not limited to the following:

Physical violence

Hitting, slapping, punching, kicking, burning, cutting, or otherwise harming the body

Sexual violence

Rape (in or out of marriage), assault, attempted rape, forced prostitution, incest, coercion, female genital mutilation, sexual harassment, inappropriate/unwanted touching

Economic Violence

Overwork, denial of ownership of property, withholding or taking earnings, denial of inheritance, withholding education, unequal pay, not being allowed to work, deprivation of access to basic needs such as food and shelter.

Emotional violence

Verbal abuse, threats, insults, control, constant criticism, kidnapping/abduction, intimidation, humiliation.

Effects of GBV -Health

The effects of gender-based violence on survivor’s health:

Health problems: both immediate and long-term, physical and psychological

 

Physical

injury, disability, chronic health problems (irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, various chronic pain syndromes etc.)

sexual and reproductive health problems (contracting sexually transmitted diseases, spread of HIV/AIDS, high-risk pregnancies, etc.)

death

Psychological

Effects can be both direct/ indirect

Direct: anxiety, fear, mistrust of others, inability to concentrate, loneliness, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, etc.

Indirect: psychosomatic illnesses, withdrawal, alcohol or drug use.

Economic

Rejection, ostracism and social stigma at community level;

Reduced ability to participate in social and economic activities;

Acute fear of future violence, which extends beyond the individual survivors to other members in community;

Damage survivor’s confidence resulting in fear of venturing into public spaces (this can often curtail survivor’s education, which in turn can limit their income-generating opportunities);

Increased vulnerability to other types of gender-based violence;

Job loss due to absenteeism as a result of violence;

Negative impact on survivor’s income generating power

Social

The impact on survivor’s family and dependents:

Direct effects:

-Divorce, or broken families;

-Jeopardized family’s economic and emotional development

-Babies born with health problems (i.e. premature birth or low birth weight);

-Increased likelihood of violence against children in the households

-Collateral effects of paying forward (emotional and behavioral disturbances, e.g. withdrawal, low self-esteem, nightmares, self-blame, aggression against peers, family members, and property; increased risk of growing up to be either a perpetrator or a victim of violence)

Indirect effects:

-Compromised ability of survivor to care for her children (e.g. child malnutrition and neglect due to constraining effect of violence on women’s livelihood strategies and their bargaining position in marriage)

-Ambivalent or negative attitudes of a rape survivor towards the resulting child.

Perpetrator

The impact of violence on the perpetrators:

-Sanctioning by community, facing arrest and imprisonment;

-Legal restrictions on seeing their families, divorce, or the break up of their families;

-Alienation from their families; minimizing the significance of violence for which they are responsible; deflecting the responsibility for violence onto their partner and failure to associate it with their relationship;

DOES GENDER MATTER

Why the surge?

-The impacts of crises are not neutral

-They are also shaped by socially constructed gender-specific socio-economic patterns. This can differ across economic class, ethnicity, gender and other factors.

-Humanitarian response is not neutral, and can increase, reinforce or reduce existing inequalities.

Does it matter?

-Institutions and systems for physical & social protection may be weakened or destroyed

-Police, legal, health and other services are often disrupted

-Many people are displaced and those who remain may not have the facilities, skills or capacity to work

-Families and communities are often separated resulting in the further breakdown of community support and protection mechanisms

Different impacts, distinct needs

Why the disparity?

Who is most at-risk?

Gracias

-Internally displaced people

-Minority clans

-People living with HIV

-Girls and women who bear children of rape

-Persons with disabilities

-Adolescent girls

-Female-headed households

-Separated or unaccompanied children and orphans, including child soldiers

THANK YOU

What drives us

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