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History of the

Atom

By Brooke Stewart

460 B.C.

Democritus

  • 460-370 BC

  • Democritus was a central figure in the making of the atomic therory. He said that all materibodies are made up of indivisbly small atoms.

  • He thought that if you took a materal and divided it in half, that you would have a smaller identical chunk that could just keep dviding until its reached the smalles point. (The Atom)

Interesting facts: Attributed popular belief in the gods to a desire to explain extraordinary phenomena like thunder and lightning.

1743

Antoine Lavoisier

  • Born in 1743 Died in 1794
  • Born in Paris, France

  • French chemist/leading figure in the chemical revolution
  • develped/experimented based theory of chemical reactivity of oxygen and co-created the system for naming chemical substances

  • Instead of looking at the basic 4 elemnts, Earth, fire, air , and water, he looked into componds
  • salts formed when acids combine.
  • If they could could find properties of simple substances then they could construct theories to explain comounds.

  • Interesting facts: was a french chemist, was a scienticts during the french revolution

1766

John Dalton

  • Born in 1766 Died in 1844
  • Born in United Kingdom

  • "Atoms of different elements combine in fixxed whole-number rations when forming compounds."
  • He defined partial pressure in terms of a physical law

  • He disagreed that the atmospheres mixture was 80 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxugen instead of being a compound of elements.

  • Interesting Facts: He measured the capacity of the air to absorb water vapour and th variation of its partial pressure with temperature. (He did this because of the rule about the atmosphere stated above.)

1858

Max Planck

  • Born in 1858 died in 1947
  • in germany
  • Mainly studied thermodynamics
  • Highly interested in radiation melting materials
  • Came up with the radical theory stating energy did not flow steadily but came in small packets.

1867

Marie Curie

  • born in 1867 died in 1934
  • poland paris
  • Discovered polonium and radium
  • realizing they are way more radioactive then uranium
  • Came up with the term radioactivity
  • after studying many elements that involved radioactivity

1868

Robert Millikan

  • born in 1868 died in 1953
  • illinois and california
  • found the charge of a single electron
  • measured water droplets
  • had more percise results from his oil drop experiment

1871

Ernest Rutherford

  • 1871-1937
  • new zealand
  • created alpha and beta
  • different types of radiation
  • allowed radiation from uranium to go through increasing numbers to foil.
  • Discovered the nucleus by doing the gold foil experiment.

1879

Albert Einstein

  • 1879-1955
  • germany
  • Brownain motion= radom fluctuations in small particles. Proved to be higher at higher temperatures due to higher kenetic energy.
  • He believed movement can be passed to larger particles and would be affected.
  • He used microscopes to observe

1885

Niels Bohr

  • 1885-1962
  • Denmark
  • Made a revolutionary mode of the atom
  • showed positive charge in the nucleus surrounded by electrons
  • compared the atom to the solar system
  • electongs flowed certain orbits at certain distances from the nucleus

1887

Erwin schrodinger

  • 1887-1961
  • Austria
  • Came up with the electron cloud model
  • most widley accepted model
  • Believed that electrons didnt follow set paths

1891

James Chadwick

  • 1891-1974
  • europe
  • Believed that there were particles with no charge in the nucleus
  • Used poloium and bombarding wax with prarticles and the protons reactied like they were hit with electricity.
  • He discovered the neutron

1892

Louis De Boglie

  • 1892-1987
  • France
  • First scientist to theorize about the wave nature of matter.
  • He agreed with albert eintine and proved his theory.

1901

Werner Heinsberg

  • 1901-1976
  • Germany
  • Created theory based on what can be observed
  • radiation emitted from an atom
  • Believed you couldnt follow an electrons orbit
  • Meaning Bohers model cant be true

Cline, Barbara Lovett. "Louis de Broglie". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-de-Broglie. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Donovan, Arthur L.. "Antoine Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoine-Lavoisier. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Duignan, Brian. "Democritus". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Democritus. Accessed 2 September 2022.

“Important People in Atom History Timeline.” Timetoast Timelines https://www.timetoast.come/timelines.important-people-in-atom-history.

Kaku, Michio. "Albert Einstein". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Einstein. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Ross, Sydney. "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Stuewer, Roger H.. "Max Planck". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Thomson, George Paget. "J.J. Thomson". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-J-Thomson. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Aaserud, Finn. "Niels Bohr". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niels-Bohr. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Badash, Lawrence. "Ernest Rutherford". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Bernstein, Jeremy. "Erwin Schrödinger". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erwin-Schrodinger. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Beyler, Richard. "Werner Heisenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Werner-Heisenberg. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "James Chadwick". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Chadwick. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Marie Curie". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Curie. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Robert Millikan". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Millikan. Accessed 2 September 2022.

Citations

1856

J. J. Thomson

  • Born in 1856 Died in 1940
  • born in manhester england
  • He discovered the electron
  • came to the conclusion that all matter contains partivles of the same kind that are much less massive than the atoms of which they form a part called electrons
  • after his attempt to solve a long standing controversy regarding the nature of electric currentsdriven through a vessel from where most air or gas has been pumped out.
  • INteresting facts: his ideas foreshadowed albert einstiens theory of photons.
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