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Evolutionary stages of mankind

Envirionmental events

120,000

75,000

25,000

13,000

10,000

5000

1000

1800

1900

2000

2020

Modern era

Middle Paleolithic era

Paleolithic era

1996

  • First cloned mammal (Dolly the sheep, Roslin Institute, UK, 1996)

1997

  • Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol by 192 countries (UNFCC, 1997), binding 37 industrialised and industrialising countries plus the EU to targets for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions

2000

  • Ongoing and accelerating rise in global mean sea level exceeds 3 mm/year by 2000, regulated by thermal expansion, ice-mass loss and large-scale dams.

5,500 years ago

  • End of the African humid period possibly linked to the Piora Oscillation: a rapid and intense aridification event.

5600

  • Rising seas of the Mediterranean burst through the narrow Bosporus Valley.

1628

  • Catastrophic eruption of volcanic island Thera

1800

  • Industrial Revolution energy production moved from wood (potentially renewable) to coal.

1822

  • First prediction of Earth’s greenhouse effect → CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels cause global climate warming

1870

  • First environmental problems develop; modern nature conservation movement begins

25,000 years ago:

  • Peak of the Eemian interglacial period

120,000–90,000 years ago:

  • Abbassia Pluvial in North Africa the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.

75,000 years ago:

  • Toba Volcano supereruption: may have contributed to human populations being lowered to about 15,000 people.

2003

  • A heatwave across Europe causes 70,000 additional deaths in summer 2003

2009

  • Humanity is overstepping three planetary boundaries to a safe operating space: climate change, biodiversity loss, nitrogen cycle, risk of abrupt ecological disruption

2013

  • Atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ exceed 400 ppm for the first time in at least 3 million years,

40,000-35,000

  • First mass extinction of large mammals caused by humans, in Australia/New Guinea. Giant kangaroos, rhino-like marsupials, and marsupial leopard; tame, unused to humans, unafraid of them; killed off or else indirectly eliminated furing first few thousand years of human settlement.

1972

  • Recognition by governments worldwide that fossil-fuel combustion threatens Earth’s atmosphere (UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972).

1975

  • First global commitment to cross-border environmental protection: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Paleolithic era

2019

  • Acidification of almost all open-ocean surface by absorption of anthropogenic CO₂, losing 0.02 pH units per decade since 1990.
  • First case of COVID-19 (Wuhan wildlife market, China, 1/12/2019), caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Holocene

1859

  • Theory of evolution by natural selection (Charles Darwin, UK, On the Origin of Species 1859), a law unique to biological systems → heritable adaptations of individuals to their environment.

1500 bce to 1500 CE

  • On the grass plains of north America humans gradually hunt to extinction several American species, including the camel, mammoth and horse.

1000 CE

  • By now the mammoth, the giant bison and the horse are all extinct in America, partly because of the warming climate and partly because of the success of humans with spears

79 CE

  • Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii

2020

  • Highest recorded air temperature on Earth: 54.4°C in Death Valley
  • Ambient temperature in the Arctic exceeds the 1981-2010 average by 2.1°C.

2021

  • The world ocean reaches its hottest ever recorded in 2021, for the third year and seventh decade in a row, contributing to coral bleaching and sea-level rise

1348

  • Black plague reaches its zenith in Europe, halves population in 100 years.

1400

  • Little Ice Age freezes Europe in the 1400s and kills off Viking settlements in Greenland.

1778

  • First national nature reserve (Bogd Khan Uul, Mongolia, 1778) → global protected areas cover 15% of land and 11% of ocean by 2018.

1985

  • Discovery of a human-induced hole in the stratospheric ozone layer (1985) → increase in UV-B radiation at Earth’s surface, changing climate, causing DNA damage to phytoplankton and plants; potential forest sterility and skin cancers.

1987

  • Sustainable development enters economics

1992

  • The Rio Earth Summit, Brazil, hosts the largest gathering of world leaders as of 1992, for intergovernmental collaboration on the environment, climate change, desertification.

11,600 years ago (9,600 BC):

  • An abrupt period of global warming accelerates the glacial retreat; taken as the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch.

10,000 years ago (8,000 BC)

  • The Quaternary extinction event. Many of the ice age megafauna go extinct, including the megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of the sabre-toothed cats. The mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.

8000

  • End of Last Ice Age (12000-8000); previously connected landmasses become separated by rising sea level

2015

  • UN General Assembly of 194 countries adopts 17 Sustainable Development Goals for 2030
  • UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change adopted by 196 nation states, resolving to keep global average temperature to well below 2°C in excess of pre-industrial levels, and striving to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

2016

  • Destruction of more than 6 million ha (60,000 km²) of tropical primary forest during 2016.
  • global land and ocean surface temperature for 2016 reaches 0.99°C above the 1951-1980 mean.

2022

  • Record-breaking heatwaves, heralding extreme droughts in China and western Europe, and flooding in Pakistan that displaces 33 million people.
  • Global agreement to protect biodiversity for 30% of Earth’s land and sea by 2030, and to reduce extinction rate and risk tenfold for all species by 2050

1900

  • Humans begin to generate potientally unstable climate. High temperatures by emissions of greenhouse gases, creating unnatural climate conditions.

1935

  • Concept of the ecosystem (Arthur Tansley, UK, 1935), a complex association of organisms with their environment.

1969

  • The Santa Barbara oil spill dumps millions of gallons of crude oil off the coast of California, causing a 35-mile oil spill.

SDG'S 2015

2017

  • First national legislation for a mid-century target of net-zero emissions (Sweden, 2017).
  • Accumulation of plastic waste since 1950 exceeds 5 billion tonnes in landfills.

2018

  • First global assessment of biodiversity finds 1 million of Earth’s 8 million species threatened by accelerating extinction rates.

Click for Economical events

Click to social events

Evolutionary stages of mankind

Social events

120,000

75,000

5,000

3,000

1700

1800

1900

2000

2020

Paleolithic era

  • 1582 introduction of the Gregorian calendar
  • 1700 rapid colonisation of Americas, India and Australia by Europeans
  • 1776 declaration of independence of the United States of America from colonial rule, and of the unalienable rights of all humanity to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
  • 1867 theory that capitalism exploits labour, with the objectionable consequence of empowering the rich by disadvantaging the poor

  • 200,000 Homo Sapiens appear in Africa
  • 30,000 Cro-Magnon man moving from the Near East into Europe
  • 10,000 Humans make it to the Southernmost point of South America
  • 3100 Egypt’s 1st Dynasty is created

  • 1333 Tutankhamun restores the nation to worship old Egyptian gods
  • 431 Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta begins
  • 141 Jewish people liberate Jerusalem
  • 45 Caesar becomes dictator of Rome

19ths

Tuthankamon

20ths- Present

  • 1914 World War I
  • 1917 Russian Revolution
  • 1939 World War II
  • 1945 establishment of the United Nations
  • 1945 establishment of the United Nations
  • 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Right
  • 1957 first orbiting space satellite
  • 1960 first female head of a democratic government
  • 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
  • 1998 creation of Google search technology, as a student project

  • 126 The Roman Pantheon is built
  • 874 Norse colonisation of Iceland
  • 1206 rise of the Mongol Empire connecting the Pacific to the Mediterranean, founded by Genghis Khan
  • 1400 birth of the European Renaissance
  • 1438 Inca expansion, becoming the world’s largest empire
  • 1492 European mariners reach the Americas
  • 1542 global population of humans passes 500 million

  • 2001 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon
  • 2004 launch of online social networking service Facebook
  • 2007 Great Recession
  • 2011 international resolution against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  • 2011 two-thirds of the global population in 2011 have access to safe drinking water
  • 2022 the number of people forcibly displaced reaches 100 million worldwide

120,000

75,000

25,000

10,000

5,000

4,000

1,000

1800

1900

4,000

1,000

2000

Paleolithic era

650-600 BC

  • First metal coins appear in Lydia (Turkey)

618-907

  • China prints the first paper money

1492

  • Christopher Columbus makes it to America flooding Europe with precious metals
  • Trade networks expanded, connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, and facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.

1602

  • The Dutch East India Company becomes the first formally public traded company

1683

  • The Bank of Amsterdam issues the first fiat money in Europe

1723

1991

  • Internet is created

2000

  • The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed several financial crises, including the Latin American debt crisis (1980s), the Asian financial crisis (1997), and the global financial crisis (2008).

2007

  • Great Recession
  • Economic growth and development vary across countries, with some regions experiencing rapid growth, while others face economic challenges and persistent inequality.
  • Environmental sustainability and social inclusion have gained prominence as important considerations in economic development.
  • Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, have the potential to reshape industries and economies.

2009

  • Bitcoin is born

2018

  • Trade war begins

2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BC

  • The subsistence economy depended on hunting and gathering due the civilization back then was composed by nomadic hunter-gatherers who survived from what they collected during a day.
  • The economy during this time was based on mobility and adaptability to the environment.

  • Adam Smith considered the father of economics is born

Neolithic era (10,000 BC - 3,000 BC)

  • There’s a change from a predatory economy seen during the Paleolithic era to a producing era. Humans begin to domesticate plants and animals.
  • Grain was reserved for crops and trade
  • Emergence of permanent settlements and local trade.

Post-World War II Era (1945 ):

  • Colonial economies were often structured around plantation agriculture, mining, and the extraction of valuable resources like sugar, tobacco, and precious metals.

Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD)

Neolithic era

2019

  • Acidification of almost all open-ocean surface by absorption of anthropogenic CO₂, losing 0.02 pH units per decade since 1990.
  • First case of COVID-19 (Wuhan wildlife market, China, 1/12/2019), caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Ancient Mesopotamia (3,000 BC - 500 BC)

Middle Ages (476 AD - 1450 AD)

1760

  • Industrial Revolution
  • The growth of factories and the expansion of railroads and steam-powered transportation facilitated the movement of goods and the development of national and global markets.
  • Capitalism emerged as the dominant economic system, emphasizing private ownership, market competition, and profit maximization.

  • The Roman empire took advantage of its large and interconnected network of roads, ports, and cities to transport goods and resources.

  • Currency primarily consisted of coins made from precious metals; the main currencies were denarius, aureus, and sestertius. The Roman economy also had banks and financial institutions, such as moneylenders and exchange brokers, that facilitated loans and currency exchanges.

  • The social divisions also had key roles for the economy during the Roman Empire: Patricians, Equestrians and Plebeians.

  • The post-war era witnessed the reconstruction of war-torn countries and the establishment of international economic organizations like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

  • The rise of globalization led to increased international trade, the growth of multinational corporations, and the integration of national economies.

1973

  • OPEC oil embargo

1971

  • U.S dollar loses its direct convertibility to gold
  • Technological advancements and the spread of information and communication technologies facilitated the integration of economies into global supply chains and increased global interconnectedness.

2020

  • Highest recorded air temperature on Earth: 54.4°C in Death Valley
  • Ambient temperature in the Arctic exceeds the 1981-2010 average by 2.1°C.

2021

  • The world ocean reaches its hottest ever recorded in 2021, for the third year and seventh decade in a row, contributing to coral bleaching and sea-level rise
  • First indications of a serious economic activity. This is due to the invention of systems like writing, use of math, establishment of laws and use of calendar to manage time.
  • Mesopotamia facilitated commercial activities. It was located in between trade routes so the people could trade with other regions like Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Anatolia.
  • egal practices were implemented in the economic system of Ancient Mesopotamia, with laws and regulations for trade and property rights.

  • Feudalism was a dominant social and economic system during this period of time.

  • This period of time was mainly rural, and the economy depended almost entirely on agriculture. The majority of the population worked as peasants, cultivating on manorial estates.

  • Invention of an economic system called Manorialism. This system took care of the agricultural production on manor or states.

2015

  • UN General Assembly of 194 countries adopts 17 Sustainable Development Goals for 2030
  • UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change adopted by 196 nation states, resolving to keep global average temperature to well below 2°C in excess of pre-industrial levels, and striving to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

2016

  • Destruction of more than 6 million ha (60,000 km²) of tropical primary forest during 2016.
  • global land and ocean surface temperature for 2016 reaches 0.99°C above the 1951-1980 mean.

2022

  • Record-breaking heatwaves, heralding extreme droughts in China and western Europe, and flooding in Pakistan that displaces 33 million people.
  • Global agreement to protect biodiversity for 30% of Earth’s land and sea by 2030, and to reduce extinction rate and risk tenfold for all species by 2050

1792

  • The U.S dollar is born

1821

  • Gold Standard is established
  • Global trade increased, facilitated by advancements in transportation, communication, and the establishment of international trading networks.

1921

  • Great Depression
  • The collapse of stock markets led to a decline in consumer spending, investment, and production, resulting in high unemployment and business failures.

SDG'S 2015

2017

  • First national legislation for a mid-century target of net-zero emissions (Sweden, 2017).
  • Accumulation of plastic waste since 1950 exceeds 5 billion tonnes in landfills.

2018

  • First global assessment of biodiversity finds 1 million of Earth’s 8 million species threatened by accelerating extinction rates.
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