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By: Paris Soto
Octopuses reproduce sexually. However, this mating process can be difficult for male octopuses since their lives are at risk. Female octopuses are much larger and considered to be much hungrier than male octopuses. In many cases, females tend to mate with their male partner and killed them off at the end (by strangulating them) and eat them. Therefore, males tend to be in a good faraway distance, from the female, that allows for the males to be protected and still mate at the same time. The mating process involves for the male octopus to use their mating arm (that works just as a regular arm) that "releases packets of sperm called spermatophores". 1 The male octopus arm tip's "is also equipped with erectile tissue . . .which provides stiffness that helps guide the arm into the female's body". 1 Then the male octopus will enter the female's mantle and mate (varying from the type of octopus) from 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
Octopuses are able to eliminate waste products from their funnel. The process start with their mouth: The octopus will eat, the excess food will go to its crop where it will be stored, then the food will enter the alimentary canal or guts and will continue on until it reaches the anus. After that, it will exit out by the funnel which is a hole where all the waste can be eliminated from their body.
One particular shell turtle named the Chinese soft-shell turtle, can eliminate waste products (such as urine) from their mouth. They do this because they "developed the technique in order to survive in marshes where the water's salt levels would be too much to digest in the normal fashion". 2 These soft-shell turtles do this between 20 to 100 minutes to eliminate their waste products. The Chinese soft-shell turtle do this by movement in their throats known to be buccopharyngeal respiration. To learn more about buccopharyngeal respiration click this link https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/buccopharyngeal-membrane
Soft-shell turtle or any sea reptile are able to maintain homeostasis by using their specialized salt glands that has secretary cells and has sodium-potassium pumps. Sea reptiles are exposed to a very high level of salt in the water. It is why, they used their glands in order to "actively pump out excess sodium from the blood into the gland where the concentrated ions can be excreted". 3 This way they are able to maintain a stable internal environment in their body.
The orangutans have a very similar way of obtaining oxygen and distrubiting oxygen and nutrients in its body, like the humans do. The orangutan uses its respiratory system to breathe in and out air, and for gas exchange. The orangutan also has a similar circulatory system as humans do and uses it to transport materials such as nutrients. Both respiratory and circulatory systems interact with each other so that oxygen will be transported throughout the body.
Orangutans (as discussed in the previous question) have many similarities with humans. Its nervous system works similar to our nervous system, by gathering and responding to informatiom. The nervous system regulates homeostasis and behavior, they use it for controlling other body systems, and for controlling body movements "and other motor functions". 4 Orangutans also have 5 senses: Sight, Smell, Taste, Touch, and Hearing. Which also helps them respond to information.
Invertebrate:
Temani, Sanket. “How Do Octopuses Reproduce?” Quora, Sanket Temani, 6 Dec. 2016, www.quora.com/How-do-octopuses-reproduce.
Anthoni, Floor. “The Octopus, Smart and Handy.” Seafriends, www.seafriends.org.nz/indepth/octopus.htm#octopus_biology.
Olloqui, Elizabeth. “Aquatic: Octopus & Squids.” Prezi.com, 7 Jan. 2013, prezi.com/po4hppbie1ey/aquatic-octopus-squids/.
Chordate:
“Spiny Softshell Turtle.” Warner Nature Center, www.warnernaturecenter.org/animals/softshellturtle.
Morgan, Mike. “Soft-Shelled Turtle Information And Care.” Reptiles Magazine, www.reptilesmagazine.com/Turtles-Tortoises/Turtle-Care/Soft-Shelled-Turtle-Information-and-Care/.
Clark, Liat. “Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles Mainly Urinate from Their Mouths.” WIRED, WIRED UK, 4 Oct. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/chinese-turtles-urinate-from-mouths.
Courseault, Gabrielle. “Sea Turtle and Tulip Homeostasis.” Prezi.com, 25 Mar. 2014, prezi.com/k1ybyy-2y9nz/sea-turtle-and-tulip-homeostasis/.
“Tag: Sea Turtles.” Physiological Ecology, 16 Feb. 2017, ketheridge.sites.gettysburg.edu/BIO206/tag/sea-turtles/.
Primate:
Nicholson, Kori. “Function of Each Body System.” Prezi.com, 23 May 2014, prezi.com/qfpj5txdw8lu/function-of-each-body-system/.
Fleury, Paula. “Orangutan 5 Senses.” Prezi.com, 9 Sept. 2013, prezi.com/1fs9-vvp4brj/orangutan-5-senses/.
“Orangutan Biology – Orangutan Foundation International.” Orangutan Foundation International, orangutan.org/orangutan-facts/orangutan-biology/.
“Orangutans.” Orangutans, overthetoporangutans.weebly.com/.
1. Temani, Sanket. “How Do Octopuses Reproduce?” Quora, Sanket Temani, 6 Dec. 2016, www.quora.com/How-do-octopuses-reproduce.
2. Clark, Liat. “Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles Mainly Urinate from Their Mouths.” WIRED, WIRED UK, 4 Oct. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/chinese-turtles-urinate-from-mouths.
3. “Tag: Sea Turtles.” Physiological Ecology, 16 Feb. 2017, ketheridge.sites.gettysburg.edu/BIO206/tag/sea-turtles/.
4. Nicholson, Kori. “Function of Each Body System.” Prezi.com, 23 May 2014, prezi.com/qfpj5txdw8lu/function-of-each-body-system/.
Octopus - https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-47144891
Octopus Anatomy - http://www.seafriends.org.nz/indepth/octopus.htm#octopus_biology.
Soft-Shell Turtle - https://www.petguide.com/breeds/turtle/florida-softshell-turtle/
Orangutan - https://www.ibtimes.com/bornean-orangutan-now-critically-endangered-iucn-2389799
Thanks for reading!