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Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | Summer 2020 | Presenter: Alperen Akca | 61880
1. HISTORY
TIMELINE OF THE FIRST SOLAR CARS.
1. History
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1955
1. History
Sunmobile (1955)
Figure 1: Sunmobile, the 1st solar car [Popular Mechanics 1955, 10].
31.8.1955 by William Cobb (General Motors Engineer)
38–cm long miniature model
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1962
1. History
Modified 1912 Baker (1962)
Figure 2: Modified 1912 Baker,
the 1st human driven solar car [AutomoStory].
10,640 photovoltaic cells
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1979
1. History
Solar trike (1979)
Figure 3: Solar trike by Alan Freeman, 1979 [AutomoStory].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1980
1. History
Citicar (1980)
Figure 4: Citicar by Arye Braunstein, 1980 [AutomoStory].
- Tel Aviv University
- 8 × 6V batteries
- 432 PV cells: 400 W
- Max. Speed: 64 km/h
- Range: 80 km
- Weight: 599 kg
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1981
1. History
BP Solar Trek (1981)
Figure 5: Quiet Achiever, 1981 [National Museum Australia].
- 1st solar–driven racing car
- H. Tholstrup & L. Perkins
- Budget: $15 thousand
- Perth → Sydney in 20 days
- 10×30 cells on 8.5 m2:
- 1 kW PV power system
- 23 km/h
[Anzovin/Podell 2000, 186].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1984
1. History
Sunrunner (1984)
Figure 6: Sunrunner, 1984 Greg Johanson & Joel Davidson [Go Green Solar Solutions].
- Guinness World Record: 39,82 km/h in Bellflower, California [McWhirter 1986, 295].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
1987
1. History
Sunraycer (1987)
Figure 7: GM Sunraycer, 1987 [National Museum of American History].
- Traversed Australia ↓
- Darwin → Adelaide
- Distance: 3003 km
- Mean Speed: 66,95 km/h
- 8600 PV cells on
- 8 m2 surface area
- Weight: 177 kg
[MacCready 1988, 3-15].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2. Technical Assessment
Light absorption
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.1 Energy Potential of the Sun and Its Drawbacks
Figure 8: Horizontal average solar irradiance
- Sun → Earth: 89 PW
- World Energy Need: 15 TW
- 600 times bigger
- ∑●= 18 TW > WEN= 15 TW
Drawbacks:
- Periodic: Predictable
- Time–varied: Not predictable
[Rizzo 2010, 174-185]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.2 PV Cell Efficiencies
Table 1: PV Cell Top Efficiencies v.56
[Green/Dunlop/Hohl-Ebinger/Yoshita 2020]
- a-Si: noncrystalline and non–toxic
- Dye sensitized: semi–transparent
- Organic: Eco–friendly
- c-Si: 95% market share [ISE, 2020]
- Perovskite: (in)organic halide materials
- Gallium: Rare and Expensive
Figure 9: Concentrator photovoltaic
[Sato/Lee/Araki/Masuda 2019, 501–510]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.3 What Percentage of Car Energy Need Can Be Supplied by Solar Power?
- Mean car power need for urban driving: 8-10 kW
- If η= 24% in San Antonio at lateral position
Figure 10: Solar energy % vs. car average power for different driving hours [Rizzo 2010, 174-185]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.4 Challenges
- Efficiency decrease during solar panel installation.
- Aerodynamics limitations.
- Angle of solar panels (if there is no tracking mechanism).
- DC converter downfall.
- Charging performance degradation.
- Yearly degradation of PV cells.
- Clouding, shade and geographic position.
- Temperature effect.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.5 Irradiated Photovoltaic Energy vs Various Orientation of Solar Panels
Figure 11: Orientation and latitude impact on the energy of incident in the US based on real data of around 30 years [Rizzo 2010, 174-185]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
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2. Technical Assessment
2.6 Vehicle–to–Grid (V2G) Technology
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2.7 Sample Studies
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 1
Table 2: Energy Consumption of Some Electric Cars
[EV Database, 2020]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 1
Table 3: Single, Multi Junction and Concentrator PV Cells’ Contribution
a) Irradiated Energy for Different Solar Cell Types and Orientations in NY
b) Annual Drive Range Extension of Irradiated Energy for Different Cars
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 2
- In Abu Dhabi (● 27, φ=24°)
- For the car "Lightyear"
- EC= 0,104 kw·h/km
Figure 12: Daily irradiated energy by 2 m2 H-V PV on car at different locations
[Tiano/Rizzo/Matteo/Monetti 2020, 1-42].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 2
Table 4: Solar Contribution of 2 m2 H + 2 m2 V PV Arrays on Drive Ranges of Different Energy Consuming Electric Cars at Different Locations
- Irradiated Energy Values (Column 3) are taken from [Tiano/Rizzo/Matteo/Monetti 2020, 1-42].
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 3
Table 5: Daily Range Extension of Some Cars in US
[Abdelhamid/Pilla/Singh/Haque 2016, 1489-1508]
- Results are based on installing 3,26 square meters single c-Si solar modules.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.1 Estimating Range of Drive Extension
2.7.1.1 Sample Study 4 (Graphical Model)
Figure 13: Drive range potential vs annual irradiation and PV efficiency
(on-board 4 square meters horizontal module)
[Sierra et al. 2020, 517-532]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
2.7.2 Estimating Required Nominal Power and Surface Area
2. Technical Assessment
2.7.2 Estimating Required Nominal Power and Surface Area
Table 6: Another Technical Feasibility Study for 3 Cases in 4 Countries
[Sierra-Rodriguez/de-Santana/MacGill/Ekins-Daukes 2020, 517-532]
Car:
- 2017 Nissan Leaf
- EC=174 W·h/km
Solar Module:
- c-Si, η=25%
Offset:
- 1kWp = 4 m2
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3. Economic Assessment
3. Economic Assessment
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3.1 Costs
3. Economic Assessment
3.1 Costs
Figure 15: Photovoltaic average monthly prices in Europe by type, 2010 – 2018 [IRENA 2019]
Figure 14: Retail module price index, 2002-2011 [Solarbuzz 2011]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3.2 Used Financial Terminologies
3. Economic Assessment
3.2 Financial Terminologies That are Used for the Assessment
Pay–Back Analysis
- Compensation time of an expenditure.
- The smaller, the better.
Return On Investment (ROI)
- Percentage of net profit over capital expenditures in a timeframe.
- The bigger, the better.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3.3 Sample Studies
3.3 Sample Studies
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3.3.1 Pay–Back Period
3. Economic Assessment
3.3.1 Pay–Back Periods
Example: Case 1 in Perth, Australia:
Cost of photovoltaics:
Annual car energy need:
Annual energy save:
Pay–Back Period:
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3. Economic Assessment
3.3.1 Pay–Back Periods
Table 7: Pay-Back Period of Embedded Solar Cells for 1st, 2nd, 3rd cases
in Australia, Brazil, Netherlands, and Norway, respectively
PV Costs and Electricity Prices are taken from [Sierra et al. 2020, 517-532]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
3.3.2 Return on Investment (ROI)
3. Economic Assessment
3.3.2 Return on Investment (ROI)
Table 8: ROI of 3,26 m2 c-Si Panel Use on Cars with Various Electricity Prices
[Abdelhamid/Pilla/Singh/Haque 2016, 1489-1508]
I_G: Investment Gain
E_C: Car Energy Consumption,
R_d: Daily Solar Driving Range,
C_E: Cost of Electricity
L_C: Lifetime of car (assumed 12 years)
I_C: Investment Cost
C_PV: Cost of Photovoltaics
C_MPPT: Cost of MPPT converter,
C_I: Cost of Implementation,
C_M: Cost of Maintenance
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
4. Carbon–Dioxide Emissions
4. Carbon–Dioxide Emissions
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Sample Calculation
4. Carbon–Dioxide Emissions
Annual carbon–dioxide emission:
F_PV & F_g : photovoltaic & grid footprints
Example: If this energy is provided solely by photovoltaics in Australia:
Example: If this energy is provided solely by the grid in Australia:
Percentage change in carbon–dioxide emission
Sample calculation
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Table of Results
4. Carbon–Dioxide Emissions
Table 9: Effect of PV usage on carbon–dioxide emissions for 3 cases
in Australia, Brazil, Netherlands, and Norway, respectively.
CO2 footprints (g/kW·h) are taken from [Sierra et al. 2020, 517-532]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
5. Future Forecasts
5. Future Forecasts
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
5. Future Forecasts
Early Adapters
Figure 16: Solar–powered Sion [Sono Motors]
Early Adapters
- Hyundai & KIA solar body kits contribute daily 30–60% charging [Doyle 2018].
- Solar–powered Sion's driving range can be extended by 34 km in a bright day [Sono Motors].
- Solar–powered Prius's daily cruising distance can be extended up to 56.3 kilometers [Toyota 2019].
Figure 17: Solar–powered Prius PHEV concept car [Toyota 2019]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
SWOT
5. Future Forecasts
SWOT Analysis
Table 10: SWOT analysis of solar–electric vehicles [MarketsandMarkets 2019]
Strengths
- Increasing awareness regarding emissions.
- State financing, grants and rewards to promote environmentally sustainable cars.
- Growing R&D expenditures to produce emission-free automobiles.
Weaknesses
- Lower photovoltaic efficiency together with cost-effectiveness.
- Failure to harmonize.
Threats
- Efficiency & corresponding photovoltaic contribution to drive range is low.
Opportunities
- Solar–powered charging plants for electric cars.
- Returning surplus energy to grid (V2G).
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
5. Future Forecasts
Market Drivers
Market Drivers
Asia–Pacific region
- High irradiance,
- Fossil fuel reserves’ depletion.
Europe
- Strict pollution standards,
- Manufacturers’ rising expenditure to extend the drive range.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Projection
5. Future Forecasts
Projection of the Solar–Electric Car Units Till 2030
Table 11: Solar Vehicle Market Forecast By Region and Type 2022–2030
[MarketsandMarkets 2019]
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
6. Conclusion
39
TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
6. Conclusion
Recommendations
R&D investments to decrease costs and increase efficiency
Solar–Powered Parking Lots
Tracking Mechanism
Recommendations
Smart Highways
Concentrators
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Results
6. Conclusion
Results Summary
Economic Assessment
Technical Assessment
1
2
5-14 years payback period
10 – 20 thousand km annual solar cruise.
Solar–Electric Cars
Future Forecasts
Carbon–Dioxide Emissions
3
4
43–49% reduction
Over 100 thousands units by 2030.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
References
References
- Abdelhamid, M., Pilla, S., Singh, R., Haque, I., & Filipi, Z.: A comprehensive optimized model for on‐board solar photovoltaic system for plug‐in electric vehicles: energy and economic impacts in: International Journal of Energy Research, 40(11), 2016, PP. 1489-1508.
- Anzovin, S., Podell, J.: In Famous first facts. H.W. Wilson. 2000, P. 186
- Automostory First Solar Car Invented – History, under: https://www.automostory.com/first-solar-car.htm.
- Doyle, A.: KIA and Hyundai reveal solar charging system technology to power future eco–friendly vehicles, under: https://press.kia.com/ie/en/home/media-resouces/press-releases/2018/Kia_and_Hyundai_reveal_solar_charging_system.html, last call: 2018-10-31
- EV Database. Energy consumption of full electric vehicles. https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/energy-consumption-electric-car.
- Markets and Markets: Solar Vehicle Market - Global Forecast to 2030, Retrieved from https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/solar-vehicle-market-70646574.html, 2019.
- BP Solar Trek vehicle known as the ‘The Quiet Achiever.’, under: http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/37958.
- General Motors 'SunRaycer', under: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1299505.
- Green, M. A., Dunlop, E. D., Hohl-‐Ebinger, J., Yoshita, M., Kopidakis, N., & Hao, X.: Solar cell efficiency tables (version 56), in: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 28(7), https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3303, 2020, PP. 629-638.
- IRENA: Renewable power generation costs in 2018, Technical Report of International Renewable Energy Agency, ISBN 978-92-9260-126-3, 2019
- MacCready Jr, P. B.: Sunraycer odyssey, in: Engineering and Science, 51(2), 1988, 3-15.
- McWhirter, N.: In 1986 Guinness book of world records in: Bantam Books, P.295, 1986
- NEDO, Sharp, Toyota Press Release, under: https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/28787347.html, last call: 2019-07-04
- Popular Mechanics, Vol. 104, No. 3, Published by Hearst Magazines, ISSN 0032-4558, September 1955, P.10
- Sato D, Lee K‐H, Araki K, Masuda T, Yamaguchi M, Yamada N.: Design of low‐concentration static III‐V/Si partial CPV module with 27.3% annual efficiency for car‐roof application. in: Prog Photovolt Res Appl, 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3124, 2019-02-14, PP. 501–510.
- Sierra Rodriguez A, de Santana T, MacGill I, Ekins‐Daukes NJ, Reinders A.: A feasibility study of solar PV‐powered electric cars using an interdisciplinary modeling approach for the electricity balance, CO2 emissions, and economic aspects: The cases of The Netherlands, Norway, Brazil, and Australia, in: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 28(6), https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3202, 2020, PP. 517-532
- Strenski, D., Estep, N.: under: http://www.solarypsi.org/blog/2011/10, last call: 2011-10-30.
- Sion Electric Car, under: https://sonomotors.com/en/sion.
- Tiano, F. A., Rizzo, G., Marino, M.; Monetti, A.: Evaluation of the potential of solar photovoltaic panels installed on vehicle body including temperature effect on efficiency, in: eTransportation, 5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2020.100067, 2020, PP. 1–42.
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts
Appendix
Appendix
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TU Bergakademie Freiberg | Faculty of Business Administration | Supervisor: Dr. Matthias Wichmann | Master’s Thesis | 2020 | Alperen Akca | Techno–Economic Feasibility Study of Solar–Electric Cars with Carbon–Dioxide Emissions and Future Forecasts