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India

Decolonization Timeline

Civil Disobedience Movement 1930

Khilafat Movement 1919-1924

Rowlatt Satyagraha 1919

Non-Cooperation Movement 1920

Indian Independence Act 1947

1857-59

The Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence was an unsuccessful rebellion against British rule by Indian forces from 1857 to 1859. This rebellion was sparked to try and gain back some political, economic, and cultural power from Britain. Britain was the main power in India at the time. The Hindu native states held no control during British rule due to their subsidiary alliance.

Indian

Mutiny 1857

Pictures

The left most image is of Indian soldiers lining up to go into the brutal battle against British troops. The right image is an artist depiction of the actual battle against Britain and Indian troops. Over 800,000 Indians were killed during these times, both from the rebellions and the famines. Only 6,000 of the 40,000 Europeans were killed in this rebellion.

Indian National Congress

1885

The Indian National Congress was an association that was made up of English-educated Indians. INC otherwise known as the Congress Party was the beginning of a new political protest. At the beginning the members of INC did not seek to over throw British rule. All they wanted was to gain more inclusion in the political, military, and business side of British India. The British mocked the INC's claim that they could better protect the interests of India.

INC 1885

INC 1885

Continued

The INC was an elite organization and faced many difficulties trying gaining a mass following among the vast peasant population in India. This began to change after World War I. To gain Indian support for the war effort, the British promised the gradual development of self-governing institutions in 1917.

Pictures

This is a picture that shows the first session of the Indian National Congress held from December 28th to the 31st in 1885.

Muslim League

1906

The Muslim League was created in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. At the beginning, the Muslim League was influenced by the British, but that changed after the organization adopted self-government form India as its goal in 1913. One of the Leagues leaders, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, called for Hindu-Muslim unity in an independent and united India.

Muslim

League 1906

Advent of Gandhi

1915

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869. He studied law in England before returning to India. In April 1893 he went to Africa to involve himself in the struggle of racial discrimination against the blacks for twenty years. In 1915 he finally returned to India and involved himself in the Indian Nationalist Movement. In 1917, Gandhi began his experiments with Satyagraha. Satyagraha is passive political resistance.

Advent of Gandhi 1915

Advent of Gandhi

1917 Gandhi lead Satyagraha against oppressive European indigo planters. Then in 1918, launched another Satyagraha at Kheda in support of peasants who couldn't pay taxes due to crop failure. In 1918, Gandhi also undertook a fast until death for the cause of the Ahmedabad Mill Workers for the unfair demands by the mill owners.

Continued

This is what Gandhi looked like during his fast until death for the mill workers at Ahmedabad. Gandhi's fast for the mill workers last 3 days. His longest fast was 21 consecutive days.

Expansion

The Lucknow Pact

1916

The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress made an agreement that both parties should cooperate together to gain independence and self-rule for India. The Lucknow Pact is considered one of the most significant events in Indian constitutional history. The Lucknow pact was also a revolutionary agreement that made the Hindu-Muslim unity possible.

Lucknow

Pact 1916

Pictures

This is a photo of the INC and the Muslim League meeting together for the discussion of the Lucknow Pact.

Rowlatt Satyagraha

The Rowlatt Satyagraha was a movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was the exclusion of freedom of press and detention without trial. This act was passed by the legislative council of British India. This new Act was back by many powerful Indian Figures including Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi launched the Rowlatt Satyagraha because of the unfair treatment that was being up upon Indians by the British.

Khilafat Movement

1919-1924

The Khilafat Movement was meant as an agitation by the Indian Muslims, who were allied with the India nationalists, to pressure the British government to try and preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan. While this movement was seemingly pan-Islamic, the movement was a primary means of achieving the pan-Indian Muslim political mobility.

Non-Cooperation Movement 1920

The Non-Cooperation Movement was an unsuccessful attempt in 1920-1922 to introduce the British government of India to grant self-government. This movement was organized by Gandhi and was one of his first large-scale civil disobedience acts. This movement arose after the massacre at Amritsar in 1919. British troops killed hundreds of Indians at this massacre.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Continued

The movement was nonviolent and consisted of Indians resigning their titles. They boycotted the governments educational institutions, courts, foreign goods, elections, and government services. This eventually lead to the refusal to pay taxes.

Civil Disobedience Movement 1930

On March 12, 1930 independence leader Mohandas Gandhi began a defiant march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt. The British Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salts. On March 12th, Gandhi set out from Sabarmati with 78 followers. On the way Gandhi would stop and address large crowds. Once he reached the salt flats he picked up salt disobeying British order. This lead to thousands following his lead and sparked civil disobedience all across India.

Indian Independence Act 1947

In 1947 the Indian Independence Act was passed. This act created two new independent domains. One was India and the other was Pakistan. These domains separated the Muslin, Hindu, and Sikh populations. This created the biggest forced migration that has ever happened that was not a result of famine or war. This act also ended all existing treaties with the princely states. August 15th is now celebrated as India and Pakistan's Independence Day.

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