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Artificial Organs
17
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
WE ARE
Presenters
05170000672 YİĞİT ERİM
05170000688 BERKAY KUŞCU
05170000714 BETÜL KAZANCI
05180000703 DİLEK ECE TOPBAŞ
We will talk about...
INTRO
1. What is artificial organ ?
2.Purpose
3. Brief history
4. Why do we need artificial organs ?
5. Advantages and disadvantages
6. Artificial organs
• Artificial kidney
• Artificial liver
• Artificial heart
• Artificial lung
• Artificial pancreas
• Limb prothesis
• Ear
• Eye
7. What is tissue Engineering ?
8. What is stem cell ?
9. 3d Printing in artificial organs
10.The Cost
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
Our bodies are made up of atoms and technologies, and they are a big factory that works without interruption.
What is artificial organ?
An artificial organ is an organ that is produced or made of mechanical materials or tissue engineering that is designed to restore some or all of the functions of these organs, rather than those that have lost or are not functioning, and which are often vital.
Purpose
ABOUT
• Providing life support to prevent imminent death while awaiting a transplant
• Dramatically improving the patient's ability for self care
• Improving the patient's ability to interact socially
• Improving a patient's quality of life through cosmetic restoration after cancer surgery or an accident.
BRIEF HISTORY
1939
W. Thalheimer performs the first hemodialysis of a dog using cellophane membrane and heprain anticoagulation.
1982
with Robert Javrik, Kolff co-desined and transplanted the first artificial heart .
1885
M. Von Frey and M. Gruber build and use the first heart – lung apparatus for organ perfusion studies.
Timeline
1943
1943 W. Kolff develops a rotating drum artificial kidney and later the Kolff – Brigham dialeyzer, which becomes the standart throughout the 1950’s.
1925
G. Haas performs first clinical hemodialysis of 5 patians, using a modification of the Hopkins artificial kidney.
15th 16th Century
BRIEF HISTORY
BRIEF HISTORY
BRIEF HISTORY
WHY DO WE NEED ARTIFICIAL ORGANS ?
Organ transplantation is a miraculous process. However, organ transplantation has two problems that are important to human quality of life.
PROGRAMS
PROBLEMS
The first is that the person who has undergone organ transplants must use drugs that suppress the immune system throughout their life.
Second, and more importantly, the problem is the lack of organs for organ transplants.
PROBLEMS
Because, there's not enough organ donation. Patients waiting for organs are dying without organ transplants or Doctors cannot operate on them because of their health problems.
For these reasons, scientists working on organ transplantation began to look for new solutions. Scientists and bioengineers worked together to develop artificial organ models.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Use of transplants has the disadvantage of a limited supply and problems with immunorejection. Immunosuppressant drugs are administered to counter this but they have to be taken for life, are expensive, and have serious side effects.
The AbioCor, developed by Abiomed, is a very sophisticated medical device, but the core mechanism of the device is the hydraulic pump that shuttles hydraulic fluid from side to side.
ARTIFICIAL HEART
Artificial organs
1)ABIOCOR
2) SOFT HEART
The soft artificial heart was created from silicone using a 3D-printing, lost-wax casting technique; it weighs 390 grams and has a volume of 679 cm3. “It is a silicone monoblock with complex inner structure,” explains Cohrs.
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
New Technology Leading to Implantable Artificial Kidney Scheduled for Animal Studies
Prototype Device
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Unlike Dialysis:
• The technology does not require water, dialysate concentrate solutions, or a dialyzer
• The technology can be miniaturized and used to make an implantable artificial kidney and a wearable artificial kidney (also a standalone machine)
• Provides data in real time.
ARTIFICIAL LIVER
Liver failure is one of the major cause of mortality worldwide. Without liver transplantation there was no other way for survival of patient suffering from liver disease either acute or chronic. Two types of devices are now available for temporary supportartificial and bioartificial liver.
ARTIFICIAL LIVER
ARTIFICIAL LUNG
1)ECMO
The portable lung could dramatically change the lives of many of the thousands of patients who require support from a device in a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
ARTIFICIAL LUNG
ARTIFICIAL LUNG
2)PAL
The PAL, which is about the size of an adult’s hand and is made of hollow fiber membranes, performs the same basic function as ECMO: it adds oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide.
ARTIFICIAL LUNG
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
Artificial Pancreas’ is essentially an insulin pump connected to a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), controlled via some kind of receiver (usually a smartphone) using sophisticated software algorithms to make the whole thing work.
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
ARMS AND LEGS
Artificial arms and legs, or prosthetic, are intended to restore a degree of normal function to Artificial arms and legs, or prosthetic. Mechanical devices that allow amputees to walk again or continue to use two hands have probably been in use since ancient times,the most notable one being the simple peg leg. Since then, the development of artificial limbs has progressed rapidly. New plastics and other materials, such as carbon fiber have allowed artificial limbs to become stronger and lighter, limiting the amount of extra energy necessary to operate the limb.
LIMB PROSTHESES
EAR
When a person is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing in both ears, a cochlear implant may be surgically implanted. Cochlear implants bypass most of the peripheral auditory system to provide a sense of sound via a microphone and some electronics that reside outside the skin, generally behind the ear.
EAR
EYE
The most successful function-replacing artificial eye so far is actually an external miniature digital camera with a remote unidirectional electronic interface implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or other related locations inside the brain.
EYE
Video
WHAT IS TISSUE ENGINEERING ?
Tissue Engineering
This area investigates the answer to the question of whether we can make ‘live tissue’ in the cell culture in laboratory. One of the most important thing is ‘biodegradables’ which are melting after a while in the biological environment.
The term has been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system. The term regenerative medicine is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although those involved in regenerative medicine place more emphasis on the use of stem cells or progenitor cells to produce tissues.
HOW IT WORKS ?
What is a stem cell?
STEM CELL
A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types in the body. In the future they may be used to replace cells and tissues that have been damaged or lost due to disease.
• Our body is made up of many different types of cell?.
• Most cells are specialized to perform particular functions, such as red blood cells? that carry oxygen around our bodies in the blood, but they are unable to divide.
• Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost. They have two unique properties that enable them to do this:
o They can divide over and over again to produce new cells.
o As they divide, they can change into the other types of cell that make up the body.
STEM CELL
Artificial Organs: 3D Printing Exquisitely Entangled Vascular Networks
Bioengineers from Rice University and the University of Washington have developed a tool to 3D print complex and “exquisitely entangled” vascular networks which mimic the body’s natural passageways for blood, air, lymph, and other fluids, and they will be essential for artificial organs.
3D PRINTING
THE COST
COST
The average cost of an artificial organ is $20,000, and about 2% of Americans have an artificial organ or joint. Artificial organs are needed for cardiac assist devices, orthopedic devices, neuroprostheses and neurological support, urological support, visual support, blood cell and tissue replacement, and autoimmune and metabolic therapy treatments. This new technology makes for a global market estimated to be worth around $415 billion in 2016. Cost of healthcare is on the rise, with the U.S. spending $8,500 annually per person.
Keywords
Dialysis
artificial kidney
implantable
wearable
Prototype Device
soft heart
abiocor
transplant
Organ transplantation
miraculous process
artificial eye
artificial ear
Tissue engineering
cell culture
biodegradables
emphasis
3D Printing
cochlear implant
Artificial arms and legs
prosthetic
supportartificial liver
bioartificial liver
Artificial Liver
Keywords
Our References Part 1
1. https://sarkac.org/2018/04/doku-muhendisligi/
2. http://www.bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/system/files/yapayorganlar.pdf
3.https://www.wikizeroo.org/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWWFwYXlfb3JnYW4
4. https://swampprophet.tumblr.com/post/182187279531/artificial-organ-market-to-register-a-progressive
5.Catapano, G.; Verkerke, G.J. (2012). "Chapter 2: Artificial Organs". In Abu-Faraj, Z.O. (ed.). Handbook of Research on Biomedical Engineering Education and Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts - Volume 1. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. pp. 60–95. ISBN 9781466601239. Retrieved 16 March2016
6. https://sarkac.org/2018/04/doku-muhendisligi/
7. https://www.slideshare.net/FelixObi/artificial-organs-42749999
8. https://sarkac.org/2018/04/doku-muhendisligi/
9. https://www.google.com/search?q=Robert+Jarvik&client=ms-android-samsung-gs-rev1&prmd=inv&sxsrf=ACYBGNTAxbcluVWNpDz8mSjYiV8Yp0N1Yg:1574439846059&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiph_q9nf7lAhUGwMQBHW5qCu4Q_AUoAXoECA8QAQ&biw=412&bih=718&dpr=2.63#imgrc=8BaQAZApRo63sM
10. https://www.google.com/search?q=W.+Kolff&client=ms-android-samsung-gs-rev1&prmd=inmv&sxsrf=ACYBGNQ4GZ6eOWhfUPXn_NDDUMwfiXx63Q:1574439888389&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx3pHSnf7lAhWB8aYKHeruC8MQ_AUoAXoECA8QAQ#imgrc=oExUTHzrWV7QtM
11. http://www.bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/system/files/yapayorganlar.pdf
12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781855737372500146
13-14. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-technology-leading-to-implantable-artificial-kidney-scheduled-for-animal-studies-300881460.html
References
Part 2
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16. https://www.dailyrounds.org/blog/tag/artificial-liver/
17. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Advances-in-bioartificial-liver-devices.-Allen-Hassanein/ca633f7c91294ffd8822d5b86a84b54925867f9c/figure/0
18-19. https://www.dailyrounds.org/blog/mini-livers-in-a-lab-team-of-scientists-at-startup-pandorum-invent-indias-first-artificial-human-liver-tissue/
20-21. https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial-heart.htm
22. https://www.theengineer.co.uk/soft-artificial-heart-completes-initial-trials-in-swiss-project/
23. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2017/07/artificial_heart.html
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Part 3
30. https://www.healthline.com/diabetesmine/artificial-pancreas-what-you-should-know#2
31. https://www.healthline.com/diabetesmine/artificial-pancreas-what-you-should-know#1
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40.https://www.wikizeroo.org/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvT3JnYW5fcHJpbnRpbmc
41. https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/chemistry-corner/advancing-the-frontiers-of-medicine/artificial-organs/
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