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The History of the Engine
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The History of the Engine
By Erika
The Gunpowder Engine
The gunpowder engine was invented by Christian Huygens. The engine used gases generated from an explosion inside the engine to drive a piston forward into a cylander
1680
The Drawbacks
There was no powerful interal machanism to pull the piston back so that the engine could run continously
The Heat Engine
1654-1690
In 1654 Otto von Guerickle demonstrated the forces of a vacum. He did this by fitting two hollow hemispheres together to create a vaccum inside by extracting the air through a valuve. This lead the the discovery that water increases in volume by 1300 times when heated to form steam.
Using this discovery, Denis Papin designed the first heat engine in 1690, this device used steam to do work.
The Drawbacks
The development of this engine was not pursued because it was difficult to make a large drum on which the water could be heated.
The Savery Engine
Thomas Savery invented the first succsesfull steam-powered engine in 1698. This pump was used to pump water out of mines.
1698
The Drawbacks
This pump could only lift water to a height of six meters, so it wasn't much of an improvement over animal-powered pumps. To lift the water to a higher height the steam would need to be under much higher pressure, however, the boiler could not produce this pressure without exploding.
The Newcomen Engine
1712
This engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen and also used steam as the driving force. A boiler produced steam that forced the piston up a cylander. When cold water was sprayed on the outside of the cylender the steam would condence and the piston would move back down the cylander. The piston rod was connected the a pivoting beam, which would turn and was connected to the mine pump, the up and down motion of the piston frove the pump.
The Drawbacks
The steam engine was easy to build and maintain and could pump water to higher distances, however, the cycle of heating a cooling the cylander was very inefficent, and the engine required a tremendous amount of heat to function.
The Watt Engine
1763
In 1763 James Watt, redsigned the Newcomen engine so it could be more effiecent. It had a septrate condenser to cool the steam engine, so that the boiler could always remain hot. This reduced the amount of heat required to oppperate the machine, making it three times as efficent. For over a hundred years the Watt steam engine dominated the market. During this time period many improvements to the steam engine were made. Steam engines didn't hust run water mills, it could run huge machinery in mills, as well as trains and ships.
The Drawbacks
These engines were easy to build and maintain, however, they were very large. They needed big boilers to create the steam that was piped to parts of the machine that did all the work. Because of this, steam engines could not be made small enough to replace horse-drawn carriages. They were also very hot, dirty, and very inefficent at converting heat to useful energy. Most of the time the heat created was lost to the surroundings.
The Internal Combustion Engine Pt. 1
1794
In 1794, Robert steel looked for another source of energy to replace steam, he revieved Huygen's idea of using the gas produced from explosions and lodged a patent for a piston engine fulled by gas from tar and oil, ignited by a flame
The Internal Combustion Engine Pt. 2
In 1801, Philippe Lebon invented an engine that inmproved Steele's design. It used coal gas ignited by an electrical spark.
1801
The Drawbacks
This engine was still very inefficent and could not produce force nessacary to operate machine
The Internal Combustion Engine Pt. 3
1867
In 1867, Otto and Eugen Langen improved the efficency of the engine by compressing the coal gas-air mixture before ignition. Under pressure the explosion of the mixture produces more force. They developed the four-stroke internal combustion engine, which is still used in many modern engines. The four-stroke internal combustion engine works by moving a piston up a cylander, compressing the gas-air mixture, creating high tempature and pressure in the cylinder. The high pressure moves the piston down the cylander. The movement of the piston turns the crankshaft, which turns the wheels. Almost every engine in the early 1900s was an Otto engine and it could produce the same amount of power as a horse (one horsepower).
The Drawbacks
The Otto engine used coal and gas as a fuel, which doesn't burn very hot, so the engine was not very powerful.
The Internal Combustion Engine Pt.4
1880s
The most important part of the engine came in the 1880s, from Gottlieb Daimler. He designed a petrolium-fuelled internal combustion engine. that used gasoline instead of coal gas, becuase petrolium burns much hotter than coal gas. The engine was small enough to power road vechiles. The technology of the engine had evolved to become practical, and mass production of these engines for use in automobiles began.