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Impact of Climate Change-induced Migration on Child Rights concerning Sundarbans Delta, India.
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Impact of Climate Change-induced Migration on Child Rights concerning Sundarbans Delta, India.
Miss. Ragini Rajbhor
Research Scholar
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Basavaraj M. Kubakaddi
Head, Department of Law
Central University of Karnataka
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES
Understanding the Phenomenon of Climate Change-Induced Migration
Analysing the causal relationship between Climate Change induced Migration and crime against children
Looking at the Legislative, Judicial and executive efforts to mitigate the issue
Climate Change-Induced Migration
CONCEPTS
Identifying climate migrants is not easy, it overlaps with poverty, violence and conflicts.
Climate migration refers to “the movement of a person or groups of persons who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive change in the environment due to climate change, are obliged to leave their habitual place of residence, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, within a State or across an international border” (IOM, 2019)
Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
-UN
Climate Change
Consequences
Consequences of Climate Change
The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense
1. droughts,
2. water scarcity,
3. severe fires,
4. rising sea levels,
5. flooding,
6. melting polar ice,
7. catastrophic storms and
8. declining biodiversity.
Child
Child
1.The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015.- Below 18
2. Under the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulations) Act, 1986, -Below 14
3. Under the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1926, Female-18, Male-21
4. Section 2(d) of The Protection of Children from sexual offences Act, 2012 -Below 18
5. Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, “-Below-18
Causal Relationship
LINK
Around 6.7 million children were displaced in India between 2016 and 2021, which, according to the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Funds .
(Children Displaced in a Changing Climate, 2023),
Impact of climate change on children
Impact
In 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights published a report, ‘Analytical Study of the Relationship between Climate Change and Full and effective enjoyment of the Rights of the Child’ showing the impact of climate change on children, the report claimed that the most likely effects include increased morbidity, mortality, and disturbed mental health. The report also covered other potential consequences like Orphanhood, Child Trafficking, Sexual Abuse, child marriage, prostitution, loss of Education, Emotional disruption, trauma, etc.
Migrant Children
migrant children V. non-migrant children.
According to the National Sample Survey office’s 64th round, migrant children are more vulnerable to engaging in child labour than non-migrant children.
The Sundarbans Delta
Study Area
The Sundarbans, which is home to the world’s largest mangrove forests covering over 4,000 square miles across India and Bangladesh, has experienced frequent floods, fast-rising sea levels, increased salinity and cyclones.
While some islands have been inundated due to rising sea levels, land elsewhere often disappears and reappears every day owing to the dramatic tidal shifts.
Click to edit text
MAP
The Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission (European Space Agency):
AREA- 100 000 sq km
POPULATION- 100 million
ISSUES-
1. Repeated catastrophic floods
2. Intense rainfall during the monsoon
3. Sea-level rise
IPCC 2022 Report - Bay of Bengal close to Sundarbans, West Bengal is expected to rise by 0.17m compared to 0.6m in 2020.
Disguised trafficking- Early marriage, teen motherhood
Trafficking in this part of northeastern India’s West Bengal has gotten so bad, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reports a 25-fold increase in missing women and children since 2001.
Trafficking
“The Bachpan Bachao Andolan (save childhood campaign) after a survey in April 2020 warned that such incidents would rise once the lockdown was relaxed. Between March 2020 and November 2021, we have rescued at least 11,044 children,” said Dhananjay Tingal, executive director of the campaign.
There is also a high prevalence of early marriage in West Bengal. Almost 41% of girls aged 20-24 years were married before they reached the legal age of marriage, as per the latest round of the National Family Health Survey. In South 24 Parganas, the figure stood at 42%.
Legislations , Policies and Judicial efforts to mitigate the issue.
LAW
1. West Bengal State Commission for Protection of Child Rights
2. Kanyashree programme, 2013, Roopashree Scheme-Marriage
3. In December 2020, the National Human Rights Commission of India also asked all state governments to set up a 24/7 helpline
4. Anti-human trafficking unit, 2020
5. District Child Protection Units
6. Child Labor Prohibition & Regulation Act, 1986.
7. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
Conclusion-
CONCLUSION
- A child is affected by Climate Change-induced Migration in a multidimensional manner.
- Huge-Gap- Data on Migration and Crime against Children.
- Need for quantitative study- social sciences
- Economic stability, Political stability
- Penalty for Traffickers