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Causes of the Civil War
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Causes of the Civil War
Compromise of 1850
Missouri Compromise
Sectionalism
A loyalty to one's region or state rather than the nation as a whole.
Sectionalism
Missouri Compromise
Northern Abolitionism
The Law
Southern Slavery
Henry Clay
"the Great Compromiser"
In 1820 there were 11 states that prohibited slavery known as "free states" and 11 states that allowed slavery known as "slave states."
Northern View:
Missouri wanted to join the United States as a "slave state." This alarmed abolitionists in the North.
The Missouri Compromise drew an imaginary line at the parallel 36°30′ north.
Southern View:
The South was upset that the Missouri Compromise restricted citizens from bringing enslaved people North of the Missouri Compromise Line
What did the law do?
The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820. It admitted Maine to the United States as a free state, simultaneously with Missouri as a slave state—thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate.
It drew an imaginary line at the parallel 36°30′ north, known as the Missouri Compromise Line. It proposed that new states north of the line would be permitted to join as "free states" while territories south would remain open for slavery.
The Law
Compromise of 1850
Debate over Slavery Continues
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun
Statesman from South Carolina, John C Calhoun threatened the fabric of the United States during his time in congress, threating to secede South Carolina from the United States.
State's Rights
Nullification Act
- declared tariffs unconstitutional
The idea that the Federal Government should not interfer with the powers of State governments.
Secede:
withdraw formally from membership of a federal union
He strongly opposed the Compromise of 1850 demanding slavery be allowed in the west and the return of "fugitives," threatening again to secede from the union. The compromise was passed January 29, 1850, and Calhoun died March 31, 1850 of failing health.
Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster
Northern spokesman and Senator of New Hampshire and then Massachucetts who was often at odds with Southerners in Congress.
Strongly opposed Slavery in the South........
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Was forced to support the Fugitive Slave Act in the Compromise of 1850 or feared a bloody civil war.
"There can be no such thing as a peacceable secession" - D. Webster
The Compromise of 1850 contained the following laws:
1)California was admitted to the Union as a free state.
2) The remainder of the Mexican cession was divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without mention of slavery.
3) The claim of Texas to a portion of New Mexico was satisfied by a payment of $10 million
4) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed to apprehend enslaved people and return them to the South.
5) The buying and selling of slaves (but not slavery) was abolished in the nation's capitol Washington D.C.
Kansas Nebraska Act
1854 the debate continues.......
Kansas Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed by Illinois Congressman Stephen A. Doulas. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.
Bleeding Kansas
They said let them decided, it will be fine.
Bleeding Kansas
Anti-slavery forces settle Kansas
Anti-Slavery
Most people who settled Kansas were farmers from Illinois. The Kansas-Nebraska Act would let citizens of the state decide the fate of slavery in the territory.
The new Kansas government began passing strick rules allowing slavery, and anti-slavery forces established their own territorial government.
Lawrence, Kansas
Anti-slaverty stronghold
Pro-slavery settlers move in......
Pro-
Slavery
Pro slavery forces took control of the state government. With two rival governments, Kansas was thrown into chaos.
Border Ruffians
Border Ruffians
Bands of pro slavery men from Missouri would cross into Kansas and attack anti-slavery towns such as Lawrence, Kansas.
Many crossed into Kansas to vote and elect a pro slavery state legislature
John Brown
Abolitionist John Brown led an attack on pro slavery forces in Kansas, declairing that he had been sent by God to punish supporters of slavery.
Title
John Brown, his four sons, and two other men rode into Pottawatomie Creek and dragged five proslavery men out of their beds and murdered them. The violence in Kansas would continue.
Abolitionists in the North were upset about this clear victory for Southern slaveowners.
The Supreme Court declared that it could not hear the case because Scott had been a slave in Missouri and that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories
Dred Scott v Sandford
Supreme Court Case
In Dred Scott v. Sandford (argued 1856 -- decided 1857), the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court.
Scott then filed another lawsuit in a federal circuit court. The jury ruled that Scott could not sue in federal court because he had already been deemed a slave under Missouri law. Scott appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court
Dred Scott v Sandford
Mr. Sanford, unwilling to pay the back wages owed to Scott, appealed the decision to the Missouri Supreme Court. The court overturned the lower court's decision and ruled in favor of Sanford.
During the case, Sanford withheld Scott's wages and she remarried and left her brother, John Sanford to deal with her affairs.
Dred Scott was an enslaved man from Missouri and sued for his freedom arguing his owner, John Emerson, took him and his family to Wisconsin, a free territory.
Scott sued Sanford in a state court, arguing he was free because he and his family had lived in a territory where slavery was banned. In 1850, the state court declared Scott free.
After the death of Emerson, Scott and his family were transfered to Emerson's wife, Eliza Sanford, but she refused to allow them to pay for thier freedom
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was born on the frontier in Kentucky, and at the age of 7 moved to southern Indiana. At the age of 9 his mother passed away, leaving his sister to watch over young Abe. Ten years later his sister also passed away, and at 21 Lincoln, self-educated, moved to Illinois to pursue a career in law and politics.
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln and Douglas Debate Slavery
After the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Act, Lincoln joined the newly formed Republican Party dedicated to antislavery.
Lincoln and Douglas Debate Slavery
Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for the Illinois Senate in 1858, challenging Douglas to a series of debates where Lincoln attacked Douglas's views.
Republican Party
The Republican Party was founded in the Northern states in 1854 and opposed the expansion of slavery. The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission as slave states.
John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry
Abolitionist John Brown leads a small group on a raid against a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to start an armed slave revolt and destroy the institution of slavery.
John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry
Armory: a place where weapons are kept
Arsenal: a stockpile of weapons
Brown and his men seized the musket factory, rifle works, arsenal and adjacent brick fire-engine house. Guards were posted at the bridges. Telegraph lines were cut. The railroad station was seized. Brown was defeated when General Robert E. Lee and his army stormed the fire house where Brown and his men hid.
Election of 1860
The South was outraged by Lincoln's victory because of his views over the expansion of slavery..........
On December 24, 1860 South Carolina was the first southern state to seceded from the Union.
United States of America
President:
Abraham Lincoln
Confederate States of America
President:
Jefferson Davis