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Professional communications: IBR in Cattle
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IBR in Cattle
Jack Jameson-UCD
What is IBR?
What is IBR?
It is an acute, contagious respiratory disease of cattle
It is an acute, contagious respiratory disease of cattle. It is characterised by acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. It can affect cattle of all ages.
IBR stands for 'Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis'
IBR stands for 'Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis'
It caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1)
IBR is caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). It commonly affects the respiratory tract and the reproductive system.
The infect pustulat vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus is another strain of the virus and is serologically indistinguishable from the IBR virus.
What are the effects of IBR? €€€
Symptoms of IBR
- Fever
- Coughing
- Depression
- Loss of appetite
- Hyperaemia of the mucosae
- Mucosal lesions
- Nasal discharge
- Conjunctivitis
- Drop in milk production
- Infertility
- Abortion
- Pharyngitis
- Encephalitis
Lesions
Nasal Discharge
Nasal Dicharge
Genital form
Genital Form
The genital from of IBR (IPV) is characterised by excess urination, vaginal swelling, discharge, a raised tailhead, or erosive ulcers in the mucosal surface.
Abortions
- In utero fetus infections can occur at any point during gestation.
- Most IBR abortions occur after 5 to 6 months of gestation.
- Abortion usually is as a result of fetal death.
- Aborted fetus are also usually partly decomposed.
- There are usually no warning signs and dams usually breed back without issue.
Action of the Virus
Action of the virus
- The IBR virus can attack many different tissue types leading to a variety of different clinical diseases.
- Once the virus has gained entry into the body through either the reproductive tract (IPV) or inhalation it will rapidly replicate in the respitory tract (IBR).
- Damaged to host cells by replication of the virus often causes a secondary infection which is bacterial as well as severe inflamation.
- The disease is characterised by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.
- Its incubation period is 4 to 6 days.
Latency
Latency
- Latency- is the ability of a virus to lie dormant in a cell.
- It occurs during the virus' life cycle after the initial infection has taken place and after proliferation of the virus has stopped.
- Sensory neurons become latently infected as a result.
- These latent infections can be reactived when animals are placed under stressed or become injured.
- Reactivation involves the proliferation of the virus which can lead to an inflamtion in visible symptoms and secondary infections occuring.
About the Virus
- Upon exposure to the virus the morbidity rate is 100%.
- It is also known as Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) belongs to the Herpes family of viruses.
- It is commonly called Rednose in some countries.
About the Virus
Secondary Infection
- If primary BHV-1 infection does not resolve in five to ten days, secondary bacterial infection can occur, leading to bronchopneumonia and death in complicated cases.
- Secondary infections are caused by the inflammation, congestion and damage from the initial viral infection.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis is carried out via serology (blood samples) for latent infections or direct detection of the virus (PCR or fluorescent antibody tests on ocular or nasal secretions) for active infections.
Transmission
- Transmission can occur either directly or indirectly.
- Direct transmission: uninfected animals coming into contact with infected animals
- Indirect transmission: Animals coming into contact with contaminated housing and other materials.
- Viral material is constantly being shed by infected animals.
- Transmission by aerosol is also common.
- The virus can also be transmitted through semen.
- Infected animals act as reservoirs.
- Transmission can also occur via the mammary gland.
Transmission of IBR
Eradication and Control
Eradication and Control
- There is no cure for this disease as it is caused by a virus.
- Eradication of IRB from your herd can eventually be achieved by following strict vaccination program.
- If every calf born is vaccinated against IBR, eventually as older carrier animals are culled, the herd will eventually become IBR free.
- An intramuscular vaccine is applied in most cases, except in pregnant cows.
- Intranasally adminstered vaccines are safe to use in pregnant cows and work rapidly.
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