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Cows In the Columbian Exchange

By:Salvador Gil-Duran

Origin

Cows, also referred to as cattle, seem to have originated in Middle Eastern countries, such as Turkey and Pakistan. Many sources say that Cows were originally from India, but others state the true origins belong in more Middle Eastern parts of Eurasia. The origins date back to around 10,000 years ago, likely through the spread of "Aurochs", the ancestor of what is now modern domestic cattle.

Map of Spread

Map of Spread

Here, we can see the different origins of the many species of cattle in Afro-Eurasia. Specifically, the white and yellow patterns are able to indicate the various paths that cattle spread in order to get to Spain and eventually to the Ameirca's.

Time of Spread

Time of Spread

The Columbian Trade brought cows to the New World during the late 15th Century. This was around the time Christopher Columbus first landed in the Americas, and it was on one of his voyages that he brought along different licestock to the New World It is said that cows were first introduced in the Caribbeans during 1493, the year after he first found in America. From this information, it is concluded that the spread of Cows from the Old World to the New World would have been 1943 .

Spread aft. Columbian Exchange

Spread aft. Columbian Ecchange

The introduction of cattle to the New World allowed quickly spread throughout the Americas, and made it's way to be an essential in many communities' lives. The spread consitsted of various regions, such as Northern South America Sourthern North America. Over time, new regions would then be introduced to such a vital livestock to their societies.

Map

Countries Profitting

Countries Profiting

With the versitility of cattle, the Spanish would, in turn, receive new crops from the export of cattle. Since cows were able to bring a new food source to the Americas, they were extremely important for keeping the population growing and giving them new ways of mobility.

The English

The English also came out as profittable only by the amount of new crops that were introduced by the imports of various Spanish voyages. The Englsih traded goods, including crops from the New World, that would ultimately benefit them and the colonies in the New World, allowing growth and prosperity.

The English

Map of Spread

1943

1900 CE- 8000 BCE

1942

1943

-10,000 years ago (-8000 BCE)

1943

Map of Spread

As seen from this map, it is apparent that the movement of cows over time has traversed many lands, going between almost 4 continents after the Columbian Exchange. There was no way to find the origin of cows in Spain, but aftwards, we see the movement of cows from Spain to the Americas in the late 15th century.

Labor Impacts

Cattle, at first, shorttened labor opportunities due to the carriage of disease to the New World which wiped most of the population. Afterwards, we could see that the use of cows as labor would be mostly used with the hacienda system to get workers to manage the cows for their own benefit. Cows gave opportunities to many different slaves that would ultimately make up the workers during this time. Workers typcially had to learn to raise the cows, learn to milk them, and also how to use them as a meat source, both cutting and cooking the animal. Overall, it gave way to many new chances for people that wanted to work for low wages, using the Hacienda system to get people to work on agricultral aspects of the colonies.

Cultural Impacts from Cattle

Cultural Impacts

There were various different reasons why cows affected different cultures of the Americas, including food and transportation, that would ultimately shape the way many in the New World would begin to live life.

Foods

Foods

During the spread of cows in the New World, many new food sources came to be for the Native Americans, such as Milk and Meat. The overall span of cattle during the late 15th century influenced many to adopt the use of cattle as a food source, including communities unfamiliar with livestock. With enough time, the more cows were being managed, the more food communities would be able to use to grow and prosper.

Transportation

Transportation

Much of the cattle that was improted to the Americas were of large size to the Native Americans, and with that, they decided to use the mighty build of the cows to pull various crops and materials long distances. Natives were in awe of the heavy haul the cattle could take, and with this the Native Americans introduced the use of cow riding to get to different destinations. The overall impact of cows for Native American's transportation was the movement of items and humans long distances.

Environmental Impacts of Cows

Environment Effects

Many cows during this time would be held in some sort of land, sometimes a farm since most of the voyagers of Christopher columbus would be farmers. This would mean that in order to make more room for hows to be held, they had to depopulate different parts of cities in order to keep them safe and secure, likely resulting in deforestation and loss of greenery. Cows were also likely to eat many of the different crops that were produced in the Columbian Exchanged, causing many different crops to either clow down in production or be maintained just as the cow's food source. One last be terrible impact that was in the fault of the cows was the disease, which were carried from the Old World to the New World. These diseases caused the most amount of impact, since they killed many animals and people on America with it's unfamiliar biology in the New World.

Causes of the Columbian Exchange

Causes of the Columbian Exchange

There were many different intentions from many different countries that influenced the Columbian Exchange to occur. The use of different crops, settling in the New World, and the overall exploration of the New World allowed the Spanish to utilize the Columbian Exchange for their own advantage. From the perspective of these worlds, they both seem have the same ideals and goals: to grow their country's power and eventually their wealth. The exploration would've allowed them to conquer more land along with allow for more opportunities at finding rare items, such as gold. All of this greed for power along with the need for expansion/exporation allowed for trade systems, like the Columbian Exchange, to occur, all for the benefit of the Europeans (Mostly).

Effects of the Columbian Exchange

Effects of the Columbian Exchange

There were various different efffects that resulted from the Columbian Exchange, although, the New and Old World seem to have two different experiences, since one was able to benefit a lot from while the other not so much.

Old World (Eastern Hemisphere)

Old World

The Old World seems to have greatly benefited from the Columbian Exchange in multiple different ways, both for humans and economically. The transfer of goods across the Atlantic brought new imports, like crops and metal, into a new environment, especially Europe. The imporats from the New World would allow different European countries, like Spain, to grow and develop their economy from the trade's profit. Not only this, but the new foods allowed for new diverse dishes to end up on the Old World, giving the Eastern Hemisphere more choice of food. Lastly, the introduction to more food led to the increase of population nation wide, mostly for Spain. Overall, the effect of the Columbian Exchange seems to have brought new goods into both of the worlds, which came out to the benefit of almost all European nations which were able to prosper and develop with the help of food.

New World

(Western Hemisphere)

New World

With the Columbian Exchange came many different impacts to the New World. The Western Hemisphere would experience many trageties, including the decrease of population, new labor systems from imported slaves, and worst of all, new diseases natives have never heard of. These disease ultimately led to the fall of Native American populations, resulting in less amount of workers and populations in different colonies. But not all was bad. The New World was introduced various labor systems, such as the encomiendas, and haciendas, which would benefit the Spanish's wealth. Ultimately, the New World would face do many different impacts of the Columbian Exchange, mainly being introduced to new diseases, new crops, and best of all, new labor systems to be utilized.

Disease List

Disease List

Diseases throughout this time would include things like smallpox, chicken pox, measles, whooping cough, etc. All of these differnet disease would ultimately bring down the American population between 1450-1800.

Work Cited

-Cattle - The Columbian Exchange. “Cattle - the Columbian Exchange.”

Google.com, 2011, sites.google.com/site/spsgmwh9ce/cattle.

-Chromes, Matthew, et al. “Sutori.” Www.sutori.com,

www.sutori.com/en/story/animals-of-the-columbian

exchange--4M1ijmnGRS2cAPWTNqsMBDan. Accessed 23

Jan. 2023.

-Digital Public Library of America. “An 1891 Photograph of a

Traditional Native American Cow Shield. | DPLA.” Dp.la,

2017, dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-columbian

exchange/sources/1570.

J.R., McNeill. “NCpedia | NCpedia.” Www.ncpedia.org,

www.ncpedia.org/anchor/columbian-exchange#:~:text=Whe

%20Christopher%20Columbus%20and%20his.

-McNeill, J.R. “Columbian Exchange | Diseases, Animals, &

Plants.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Sept. 2019,

www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange.

- McTavish, E. J., et al. “New World Cattle Show

Ancestry from Multiple Independent

Domestication Events.” Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no.

15, 25 Mar. 2013, pp. E1398–E1406, 10.1073

pnas.1303367110. Accessed 11 Oct. 2019.

-Oregon State University. “Cattle 101: History,

Breeds, Fun Facts, Terms.” Beef2live.com, 28

Dec. 2022, beef2live.com/story-cattle-101

hist-breeds-fun-facts-terms-0-104671.

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