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Transcript

Cortex

Medulla

Nerves

Nervous System Retake

Ra'Ven McKay

Facts

Medulla Oblongata

Missed Question #1

  • Anterior bulge inferior to pons
  • merges with spinal cord at foramen magnum
  • Controls Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, and breathing

Diencephalon

(Interbrain)

Diencephalon

Missed Question #2

Facts

  • At top of brain stem
  • enclosed by cerebrum
  • Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and Epithalamus

Thalamus

  • serves as relay station for sensory impulses
  • Forms Floors and walls that enclose third ventricle

Hypothalamus

  • Serves in autonomic regulations of metabolism, water balance, and body temperature
  • Is center for emotion and drives

EpiThalamus

  • Forms the roof of the third ventricle
  • Connects the limbic system to otherparts of the brain

Ventricles

Ventricles

Missed Question #3

Function

Function:

To Produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid to protect and amaintain your central nervous system

Spinal Cord

Missed Question #4

Facts

Small central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid in the center of the grey matter in the spinal cord.

Cerebral Cortex

Missed Question #5

Facts

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri while the shallow grooves are termed sulci

Nerves

Missed Questions #6-8,10,12

CNS and PNS Terminology

Cells

CNS:

  • Cell Bodies - nuclei
  • Bundle of nerve fibers - tracts

PNS:

  • Cell Bodies - Ganglia
  • Bundle of nerve fibers - Nerves

Cells that form Myelin Sheath

Myelin Sheath

PNS: Schwann cells wrap around axon to form the myelin sheath

CNS: Oligodendrocytes wrap their extensions around up to 60 different nerve fibers to create myelin sheaths

Nerve Impulse Sequence

Resting Polarization - Interior is high with K; Exterior is high with Na

Local Depolarization - Na channels open Na increases in nerve

Activation of Nerve Impulse - Enough Na makes Na channels close and action potential occurs

Propagation of Nerve Impulse - Na increases because of nearby open Na channels and action potential propagates along length of membrane

Repolarization - K channels open and K exits the nerve

Restoration - K channels close and Na and K pumps use ATP to reset ions

Impulse

Graded Potential

Depolarization occurs when a stimulus reaches a resting neuron.

Graded Potential is a change in the membrane of a nerve cell.

This means that local depolarization can be considered graded potential.

Local Depolarization

Subdivisions of PNS

PNS

Missed Question #9

Afferent

Afferent

  • Has nerve fibers that send impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS throughout the body
  • Somatic Sensory fibers: send impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS
  • Visceral Sensory fibers: send impulses from visceral organs to the CNS

Efferent

Efferent

  • Has nerve fibers that send impulses from the CNS to effectors (effected organs)
  • Somatic nervous system (voluntary): sends impulses from CNS to effectors. This allows for conscious control of skeletal muscles.
  • Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): send impulses from CNS to muscles and glands that are cardiac and smooth.
  • Sympathetic division: activates body responses in intense situations (fight, flight, or freeze)
  • Parasympathetic division: promotes unwinding from intense situations (rest and digest)

Protectors of the cns

CNS

Missed Question #11

Structures

  • The CNS is protected by three layers of membrane (listed outermost to innermost)
  • Dura mater is double-layered and surrounds the brain
  • Arachnoid mater has a cobweb design and is the middle layer
  • Pia mater, the outermost layer, clings to the surface of the CNS
  • The skull protects the brain
  • The vertebral column protects spinal cord
  • CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is a water cushion that circulates around the brain and psinal cord to protect it from trauma and prevents change in temperature.

Structures

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