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The Dillingham Commission

The Commission's Report

The Dillingham Commission Report

Summary

This report was put together by a joint commity of legislators from both the house and the senate to assess the state of immigrants in the United States. The report is a compliation of three years of studies and data collected, as well as a recommendation about immigrants in the United States.

Analysis

-The most comprehensive study of immigrants in United States history

-Report played on american societal fears at the time, and ultimately concluded that immigration from south and eastern Europe was destroying the United States

-Primary Source

-Influenced immigration legislation for the first half of the 20th century

Reflection

This report is massive, so I only took the liberty of reading the recommedations section and skimming the contents of a fraction of the remaining 900 pages. I found in the recommendations section that the language used was passively exclusive. The large concern for an immigrants ability to assimilate in america was highly stressed which demonstrates a heavy bias towards northern european immigrants, if any at all.

Reflection

Early 20th Century Immigration

Summary

This cartoon was drawn in 1921 for the providence evening bulletin. It depicts a funnel across the atlatic ocean from Europe to the United States and lots of Europeans wanting to immigrate even though only a small portion of them will get to.

Analysis

This picture does a good job at depicting the scene of immigration in the early 20th Century in the US. Many people from nations all across the globe were attempting to immigrate to the United States in hopes of a better life. As immigration began to rise, anti-immigrant sentiments arising among people born in America began to grow and strict immigration policies were set in place.

Reflection

On observation that I can not seem to shake about this cartoon is the calm and calculated smile on Uncle Sam's face. This definitley indicates to me that the target audience for this cartoon are people who were in favor of the immigration restrictions put in place. It communicated a sense of security and correctness in US policy that what we were doing was the right thing to do.

Public Sentiment

Summary

This short cartoon strip was illustrated by cartoonist Herbert Johnson for Associated Newspapers in 1921. This cartoon depicts an immigrant man who is dirty, a radical and angy, among other negative steteotypes. He also tells the reader that he is agianst government and that some day immigrants will run America

Analysis

This cartoon is up front and in your face, and clearly demonstrates ant-immigrant sentiments in the United States during the early 20th century. Within the cartoon dialog, the immigrant depicts himself in many negative lights, but one level deeper than that, the artist also does a good job of depicting this man as a maniac who is dangerous through both the chosen language and artistic depictions.

Reflection

Trying to imagine the public sphere where this cartoon was drawn paints a picture of deep nativist sentiments within america. This does make me wonder just how radical of a cartoon this was when it was published. Certainly, a cartoon of such nature published today would recieve significant backlash.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924

Early Implications

Analysis

Although these documents restricted immigration into the United States in general, it further restricted immigration from groups of people that the public had negative opinions of. These groups included everyone except for northern Europe. Within the legislation, coutnries in northern Europe were allocated upwards of seventy percent of the yearly immigration quota.

Reflection

Both of these pieces of legislation were heavily influenced by the Dillingham Commission and their recommendation to regulate immigration for both quantity and quality. Much of the language throughout these documents reflects a fearful attitude that reminds me of anti-immigrant rhetoric used in the modern age.

Summary

The emergency qutoa act was the first legistlation in US history to impose numerical restriction on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States. Three years later, the immigration act of 1924 tightend restrictions and made the new quota's permanent.

Summary

Hart Cellar Act of 1965

Modern Implications

Analysis

After loosening immigration restrictions and prioritizing family members, this act made way for the development of chain migration in the United States. It's also important to note that this act layed the ground work for all modern immigration policies and still influences the process for immigration into the US today.

Reflection

This piece of legislation, although removed from the Dillingham Commission, still connects in meaningful ways. It's existence validates the strong impact the Commission had during the 20th century because it's anti-immigration policies heavily influenced American law until the passing of this act in 1965.

Summary

The Hart Cellar Act of 1965 abolished the nationality based quota system previously in place, and created a more comprehensive system for issuing visas. One key addition in this piece of legislation was the prioritization of family members of people who were already living in the United States.

Summary

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