Introducing
Your new presentation assistant.
Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.
Trending searches
M I N D F U L N E S S
I N T H E W O R K P L A C E
Organ Transplantation
Organ Transplantation
= transport of cellular or tissue material, living or dead byt a surgery
-> chance of recovery patients with pathologies that compromise the functionality of some organs
1954 (Boston) -> first successful kidney transplantation by Dr. Joseph Murray between twins
1967 (South Africa) -> first Heart transplantation by Dr. Christiaan Barnard -> the patient diedafter 18 days
HISTORY
1963 -> first liver transplantation by Dr. Thomas Starzl -> unsuccessful but discovered very important improvements.
History
1998 (France) -> first hand and limb transplantation -> reattaching bones + tendons + muscles + nerves + bloody vessels
2005 (France) -> first partial face transplantation on Isabelle Dinoire, who was mauled by a dog
2005 (Spain) -> first full face transplantation
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Immunological response
organ as NON-self
Survival
Risks
Rejection
Adaptation
Death
Engraftment activation
Immunosuppressors
IMMUNOSUPPRESSORS
Cyclosporine ↘️ incidence of rejection + ↗️ survival rates
-> First immunosuppressor medicine (1980s)
Tacrolimus -> an alternative to Cyclosporine with fewer side effects and outcome improve
TYPE OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Types
AUTOLOGOUS
= from the same individual:
Ex: Skin grafts for burn victims, where the patient's own skin is used to cover damaged areas, eliminating rejection risk.
Autologous
ISOLOGOUS
Isologous
= from individual with identical genetic make-up
EX: Bone marrow transplants between identical twins, offering a perfect genetic match and avoiding immune response issues.
HOMOLOGOUS
Homologous
= from individual of the same species (NOT identical genetic make-up)
Ex: Kidney transplants from deceased donors to recipients with end-stage renal disease. Despite advances, the risk of rejection remains, requiring lifelong immunosuppression.
HETEROLOGOUS
Heterologous
= from individuals of different species
Ex: Xenotransplantation, such as using pig heart valves in humans. Though not yet routine for whole organs, ongoing research aims to overcome immune barriers and ethical concerns.
TRANSPLANTATION FROM DEAD PEOPLE
Transplantation from dead people
Law n. 91 of 1999 -> "Provisions relating to organ and tissue removal and transplantation"
Withdrawal consent mechanism:
1. the Local Health Authorities notify citizens of the request to declare their free will with respect to the donation of organs and tissues.
2. Citizens must answer freely refusing/agreeing to donate; NO answer=donor; if they never received the letter=NON-donor.
The difficulty is to find the proof of the consent or the proof that the letter was received so the answer is “donor”, or to find out that the letter was not received so he/she is NON-donor, in a limited time (6 hours after declaration of death)
TRANSPLANTATION FROM LIVING PEOPLE
Art. 5 of Civil Code:
Transplantation from living people
“Acts of disposition of one's body are prohibited when they cause a permanent decrease in physical integrity, or when they are otherwise contrary to the law, public order or morality”.
EXCEPTIONAL DEROGATIONS for some organs or part of organs
CONDITIONS:
- the recipient's consent
- presence of a state of necessity.
- Donor’s right to revoke the act until the time of surgery.
Law. n. 458 of 1967 = Kidney transplantation between living people
Ministerial Decree 16.4.2010, n. 116
Law. n. 483 of 1999 = Rules for allowing partial liver transplantation
Ministerial Decree 16.4.2010, n. 116
= Regulations for carrying out organ transplantation activities from a living donor
Law. n. 167 of 2012 = Rules to allow partial lung, pancreas and intestine transplantation between living people
All these rules respect art. 5 of the civil code, because no permanent decrease in physical integrity is caused.
Increase the awarness of the problem and the donor registartion + living donor programs
-> always FREE CHOICE!
PROBLEMS: availability of organans
Medical Technology
3D printing -> create organs/ tissues from patient’s own cells (NO risk of rejection)
Regenerative methods -> repair/grow new organs from stem cells
The possible solutions can be:
availability of organs
Artificial Organs
-> combine synthetic + biological material
Xenotransplantation
-> heterologous transplantation, based on animas’ organs donation