ENGL E102F_24 Mar 2020

Tongue Twister

A tongue-twister is a sentence or expression which is very difficult to say properly, especially when you try to say it quickly.

Tongue Twister

There should be lots of examples in your own language.

Today we will look at some in English.

A very common one:

She sells sea shells on the seashore. The shells she sells are seashore shells I am sure.

Tongue Twister

I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream.

When you write copy you have the right to copyright the copy you write. ...

Tongue Twister

While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.

I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.

Tongue Twister

I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.

wish: finite verb to wish: non finite verb (infinitive)

wish: noun

How about 'won't wish'?

Tongue Twister

won't wish:

should be the main verb, but

wish: also an infinitive without 'to'

because it is preceded by won't, a modal verb

Speaking practice

Last week I gave you some speaking practice to help you with your Assignment 2, the speech.

They include:

• clusters
• 'ed' ending
• smooth reading

Speaking practice

Do you find them useful?

Any questions about them?

Speaking practice

Clusters:

Speaking practice

Speaking practice

Speaking practice

'ed' ending:

Speaking practice

Speaking practice

Speaking practice

Smooth reading:

Speaking practice

Speaking practice

Transitions

Transition is a linking passage between two divisions in a composition.

It is also called signposting language. That is it tells the audience the direction. For example, turn left, turn right or go straight ahead. Its function is like a signpost.

This is an important feature in written or spoken discourse. Therefore, in your speech, you need to include it to direct your audience.

Transitions

In topic 2, there are activities related to signposting language. Today I will do one with you.

It is Activity 2.8 on P.34.

You are going to listen to a lecture about examinations. Try to complete the part on signposting language.

Preparing your speech: Activity 2.8 (P. 34)

In this lecture, I want to concentrate on ...

I want now to turn to

Let's take a closer look at this

By way of conclusion to my talk today

Academic communication

In the written examination, there is a section called academic communication.

It is a cloze for you to complete.

Words will be given for you to choose if it is a close cloze but no words will be given if it is an open cloze.

Academic communication

Therefore, you need to read the passage carefully to understand what it is about, paying attention to the parts before or after the blanks for hints.

They are very likely function words such as linking devices, prepositions, articles, etc. Collocation is another direction for you to find the answers.

Academic communication

Content words are less likely especially when it is an open cloze. It will be very easy to find words with more or less the same meaning.

Academic communication: close

how

Eating is such a fundamental aspect of our existence that it's easy to forget __________ special it can be if you just pay a little more attention to what you're eating. In an age where many ingredients are available to us almost all year round, we often don't

Academic communication

think about where our food comes from, and whether we should adapt our eating habits to truly fulfill the flavor - and often health-giving - potential of the food we eat.

Academic communication

after

Rather than fall back on the same recipes prepared with the same selection of produce we instinctively purchase week ________ week, eating in accordance with the seasons helps to maintain balance and diversity in the diet, both in terms of nutrients as well as flavour.

Academic communication

Even

You don't have to spend very much more to savour produce at its best. __________ a simple banana in season can be outstanding in terms of depth of flavour and complexity of sweetness compared to its paler, blander, year-round cousin.

Academic communication

on

Sometimes as commonplace as rice can taste remarkably different depending _______ where and how it's cultivated, and when it's harvested. New or recently harvested rice is more aromatic and flavourful __________ rice that's been stored for a long time, and

than

Academic communication

requires less water to cook.

First flush Darjeeling teas harvested in late February is prized by connoisseurs everywhere for its distinctive flavour, ________ reflects the unique character of each harvest. Sweetcorn is bursting with

which

Academic communication

delicious natural sweetness and flavour when in season towards the end of the hot summer months, while some fish from temperate climates, ________ tuna, tends to be fattier and tastier in cold winter months.

like

Academic communication

At this time of year, spring in the northern hemisphere brings, among other things, asparagus and peas at their best. Mangoes from the Philippines ________ Thailand also make their debuts this time of the year. India's summer vegetables such as bitter

and

Academic communication

gourd and bottle gourd (calabash), while cultivated year round, are at their peak in the hot weather months _______________ April and June.

between

Academic communication

who

When picking out ingredients for your next meal, take a moment to think about what's in season right now. Have a conversation with a grocer ___________ is knowledgeable about the produce. Be curious about where your food comes from, and take a moment to really savour what you're eating.

Preparing your own report

You should have finished the introduction of your report. Those who have submitted it should have received my comments.

To give you some ideas, I would like to use the topic I sent to you in the ppt for week 8 session 2 as an example.

Preparing your own report

Students ask for sports and recreation activities.

Question:

What types of sports and recreation activities?

those to enhance students' physical fitness

Background:

• The majority of the students of the Open University of Hong Kong commented that a variety of sports and recreation activities should be offered by the university, which can enhance their physical fitness and foster the development of social, collaborative and leadership skills.

those to foster the development of social, collaborative and leadership skills

Preparing your own report

suggest the types of sports and recreation activities

Task:

• You are the President of the Open University Student Union. In about 500 words, write a report to the president of the university, suggesting the types of sports and recreation activities that should be provided. Remember to give your report a title.

Maybe you also need to tell the President why the majority of students would request for these activities.

Preparing your own report

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Present the current situation at OUHK

1.1.2 The majority of students request for sports

and recreation activities

Preparing your own report

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this report include:

1.2.1 Finding out the reason why the majority of the

students request for sports and recreation

activities to be offered

1.2.2 Making suggestions to the president of OUHK

on what types of sports and recreation

activities to be offered

Preparing your own report

1.3 Focus

The focus of this report is on sports and recreation activities that help

1.3.1 To enhance physical fitness

1.3.2 To foster the development of social,

collaborative and leadership skills

Preparing your own report

For objectives, you can also include questions.

1.2 Objectives

This report aims to answer the following questions:

1.2.1 Why do the majority of the students request for

sports and recreation activities to be offered?

1.2.2 What types of sports and recreation activities

should be suggested to the President of OUHK?

Preparing your own report

Next, it's time for the Method section

Bear the focus and objectives in mind when describing the methods.

For example, how you are going to collect data in order to address the objective which is related to the types of activities to be offered.

Preparing your own report

As you can remember, there are two approaches, quantitative and qualitative approaches.

You are supposed to adopt the quantitative approach as it would be easier for you to create the information.

Preparing your own report

When we adopt the quantitative approach, we usually collect data through questionnaires.

In that case, you will describe statistics and use language of approximation when presenting findings.

In addition, you can also describe how you collect data via interview.

Preparing your own report

By that I mean, you try to ask your informants questions in order to collect ideas and opinions from them.

For example, after going over the questionnaires, you may find some interesting answers. Then you can invite informants to attend interviews. In that case, statistics may not help.

Preparing your own report

Describing the methods is not difficult. You can use the phrases and terms typically designed for talking about methods.

But to achieve coherence / unity of the report is not that easy.

Preparing your own report

Therefore, you need to put some thoughts not only in the method section but also in the findings section because they are related.

Preparing your own report

Please prepare the Method Section and upload it to the discussion board by this Friday, 27 March.

Grammar activities

Tense:

• How are you going to do it? What are the essential clues?
• Draw a time line to help yourself.
• Or use the following table to help you.

Grammar activities

Grammar activities

In other words, the correct order should be:

• Before an action in the past
• The past
• Between the past and the present
• The present
• Between the present and the future
• The future
• After the future

Grammar activities

Try to allocate each of the seven statements (a-g) to each of the blocks on the diagram.

Grammar activities

The answers

• We lived in Manchester for a while before we moved to Bradford.
• We lived in Bradford for 5 years.
• We were going to move to London in 1983 but my job there fell through.
• We live in Wigan.

Grammar activities

• By the time we move to Liverpool, we'll have spent 3 years in Wigan.
• We're going to live in Liverpool.
• After we've lived in Liverpool for a few years, we'll move back to Wigan.

• g d e c f a b

Confusing words

First of all, let's look at these groups of confusing words.

• specially vs especially
• possibility vs opportunity
• room vs space
• shadow vs shade
• eventually vs possibly

Confusing words

We will look at the meanings of these words

Then the answer of each of them will be provided.

Confusing words

specially vs especially

• If something has been done specially for a particular person or purpose, it has been done only for that person or purpose.

• You use especially to emphasize that what you are saying applies more to one person, thing, or area than to any others.

specially

Did you know that Peter had arranged the party _____________ for you?

Confusing words

possibility vs opportunity

• If you say there is a possibility that something is the case or that something will happen, you mean that it might be the case or it might happen.

• An opportunity is a situation in which it is possible for you to do something that you want to do.

possibility

There is a very strong ______________ that man will land on the planet Mars before the year 2000.

Confusing words

room vs space

• If there is room somewhere, there is enough empty space there for people or things to be fitted in, or for people to move freely or do what they want to.

• You use space to refer to an area that is empty or available. The area can be any size. For example, you can refer to a large area outside as a large open space or to a small area between two objects as a small space.

room

I'm afraid the boot is full. There is no __________ for any more suitcases.

Confusing words

shadow vs shade

• A shadow is a dark shape on a surface that is made when something stands between a light and the surface.

• Shade is an area of darkness under or next to an object such as a tree, where sunlight does not reach.

shade

It's much too hot. Let's go and sit in the ____________ for a while.

Confusing words

eventually vs possibly

• Eventually means in the end, especially after a lot of delays, problems, or arguments.

• You use possibly to indicate that you are not sure whether something is true or might happen.

possibly

I'll see you next week - ___________ on Friday.

Topic 3: Recap

Our focus has been on academic writing - writing an academic essay.

We talked about evaluating and editing and you should have finished Activity 3.5, the proofreading practice.

Topic 3: Recap

Do you have any questions regarding Activity 3.5

Today we will emphasize on two important issues about writing an academic essay.

• Compare and contrast
• evaluating

Some points to remember when writing an essay

Generally, you should know the process of writing an academic essay and the format of an academic essay.

If not, you can refer to page 40 for details.

Today, I will talk about compare and contrast and evaluating essays.

Some points to remember when writing an essay

In writing a report, we need to present findings as they have been found. We also need to compare and contrast the statistics in order to present a clearer pictures to our readers.

Doing comparison and contrast is an important element in an academic essay too.

Some points to remember when writing an essay

Do you remember Assignment 1 in 101F, the fat tax? You are asked to discuss whether Hong Kong should adopt the fat tax introduced by Denmark.

In that case, you have to compare the similarities and contrast the differences between Hong Kong and Denmark in order to tell whether Hong Kong should follow Denmark's example or not.

Some points to remember when writing an essay

Comparison and contrast pattern of academic writing is an important feature of the 'body' section.

The most effective way to organize comparison and contrast is to do so on a particular point in the same paragraph. For example, you compare the living standard of both Hong Kong and Denmark in the same paragraph.

Some points to remember when writing an essay

If you describe views in separate paragraphs, you will probably have to repeat information and may not be able to make effective use of the language of comparison and contrast.

Evaluating essays

Evaluating essays: Activity 3.4 (P.50)

2 excerpts: 1 & 2

Work on 1 together

Evaluating essays

None; the paragraphs are constructed effectively. Each has an effective introductory topic sentence followed by sentences which elaborate and support the main point of the topic sentence.

1. In-text corrections: Cotton (1995)

Ballard and Clanchy (1984)

2. References section corrections: Ballard, C., & Clanchy, B. (1984).

Study Abroad: A Manual for Asian

Students. Kuala Lumpur: Longman.

Cotton, J. (1995). The theory of

Learning. London: Kogan Page.

Evaluating essays

1. In the first paragraph, the first sentence, ‘a must’ is too informal for an academic essay: Academic writing is always formal in tone and style, so ‘essential’ or ‘vital’ would be a good replacement.

2. In the second paragraph: the fourth sentence, ‘located’ is the wrong choice of verb, as it is used with non-human subjects. ‘Found’ would be a good replacement.

3. In the fifth sentence of the second paragraph, ‘they’ll’ should be written out in full as ‘they will’. Contractions are too informal to be used in academic writing.