Challenges of Social Cleavages
Challenges
- Strain relationship between state and citizen
- Threaten the stability of the regime
- Increase competition among parties and groups
- Weaken legitimacy
- Undermine internal sovereignty
- Create potential for violence conflict or war
- Expose vulnerability
Mexico
- Mestizo vs. Amerindian
- Zapatistas
Mexico
Nigeria
- Deep and violent
- Boko Haram
- 2014 and 2015
Nigeria
Russia
- Religious cleavage
- Muslim minorities
- Chechnya
Russia
Iran
- Religious cleavage
- Shiite majority and religious minorities
- Christian, Jewish, Baha'i and Zoroastrianism
Iran