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Pedagogical Approaches

By: Emily Taylor

What is Co-Teaching?

Co-Teaching

Co-teaching is defined as the presence of two equally-qualified educators coming together to deliver instruction in a classroom.

There are many different ways that co-teaching could be executed. For example, it could be two general education teachers, one general education teacher and a special education teacher, or even a special education teacher and an administrator. The one that has been the most beneficial is a general education teacher paired with a special education teacher.

Source: Curry School of education, University of Virginia

Advantages

  • Students can be taught in a more individualized manner
  • Each student is given more attention since co-taught lessons can reduce the teacher-to-student ratio
  • Combines the expertise of two teachers
  • Responsibility for instruction and management is shared
  • Increased opportunity to provide for each student needs
  • Greater social integration among student sub-groups
  • Enhanced instructional support for children in the classroom.

Source:“Curry School of Education.” Collaborate to Co-Teach, faculty.virginia.edu/coteachUVA/whycoteach.html.

Disadvantages

  • Administration may not support it
  • Lack of co-planning time
  • Sharing control may cause issues
  • Losing ownership of the classroom.
  • Students might not accept a student teacher as an equal authority in the classroom.

Source: Curry School of education, University of Virginia

Impact on the Classroom

Co-teaching can help meet individual student needs with more individualized focus from 2 teachers. Students with special needs can receive more focused attention from an intervention co-teacher. Co-teachers need to gain support from administration, communicate and plan so students are not confused by lack of teacher unity but are benefitting from a unified partnership. Co-teaching is beneficial when included with other teaching models and not as the sole teaching form.

What is Direct Instruction?

Direct Instruction

Direct Instruction is when the teacher stands in front of the classroom and lectures or demonstrates the material to students. Usually it is used to teach a specific skill.

Source: Partnership, Great Schools. “Direct Instruction Definition.” The Glossary of Education Reform, 20 Dec. 2013, www.edglossary.org/direct-instruction/.

Advantages

  • Works well when teaching specific concepts or skills.
  • Easy for teachers to create assessments that are reliable.
  • Students, for the most part know which part of the lesson is important and which part is not.

Source:“ Advantages & Disadvantages of Direct Teaching.” Bright Hub Education, 6 Jan. 2012, www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/5487-pros-and-cons-of-direct-teaching/.

Disadvantages

  • Very little student participation involved
  • Can be rigid and hinder the creativity of the teacher and the students
  • Little room to improvise because this method follows a step-by-step procedure.
  • It can be disastrous if the teacher is not prepared
  • The teacher must have excellent communication skills.
  • The teacher must ensure that the students already possess knowledge on the subject.

Source:“ Advantages & Disadvantages of Direct Teaching.” Bright Hub Education, 6 Jan. 2012, www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/5487-pros-and-cons-of-direct-teaching/.

Impact on the Classroom

Impact on the Classroom

Direct instruction is a traditional method of teaching that’s best used with subjects such as math, history and sciences. These subjects require expert teaching to learn and memorize the facts and build on prior learning. This teaching approach can be paired with other models to incorporate more creativity and student participation.

What is Constructivism?

In the constructivist classroom, the students tend to be the main focus instead of the teacher.The teacher dosen't just stand in front of a classroom lecturing as the students listen. Instead, the students are urged to be actively involved in their own process of learning. In the constructivist classroom, both teacher and students think of knowledge as a dynamic, ever-changing view of the world .In constructivisim students build knowledge based upon prior knowledge.

Constructivism

Source:“Becoming a Better University Teacher.” UCD OER Wiki, www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/Education_Theory/Constructivism_and_Social_Constructivism_in_the_Classroom.

Advantages

  • Students are actively involved, rather than passively absorbing information
  • The activities are interactive and student-centered
  • Constructivist teaching places more emphasis on sensory input, using all of their senses, not just their eyes and ears.
  • It is quite effective for students who have special needs like sensory processing disorder or those on the Autism spectrum.
  • Encourages students to challenge ideas.

Source:“The Pros and Cons of Constructivist Learning Theory.” Bright Hub Education, 6 June 2012, www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/76645-pros-and-cons-of-constructivist-learning-theory/.

Disadvantages

  • Lacks structure
  • Calls for the teacher to discard standardized curriculum for a more personalized study based on what the student already knows.
  • Removes grading in the traditional way and instead places more value on students evaluating their own progress
  • Can confuse and frustrated students who may not be able to make connections between the knowledge they already have and the knowledge they are learning

Source:“The Pros and Cons of Constructivist Learning Theory.” Bright Hub Education, 6 June 2012, www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/76645-pros-and-cons-of-constructivist-learning-theory/.

Impact on the Classroom

Impact on the Classroom

On it’s own, constructivism in an average classroom can be difficult as students are attaching new learning to existing learning. Teachers may find it difficult to not assume all students are at the same level of prior learning and to also teach students at those different stages of learning. Students may be actively engaged in the class but not be able to attach meaning to the activities without more structured and direct teaching. The constructivist model is more about how to learn than learning any one subject. This method can be valuable with a special needs population where learning and classroom activities can be varied.

What is Group Work?

Group Work

Group work is when an instructor requires students to work with one another to learn the content and apply it to the project at hand. Group work essentially creates an environment where students help "teach" and explain concepts to each other.

Source:“Group Work in the Classroom.” Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, Grand Canyon University, cirt.gcu.edu/teaching3/tips/groupwork.

Advantages

  • Students develop communication and teamwork skills.
  • Content is reinforced as students work together and "teach" each other.
  • Students can tackle larger and more complex problems becuase they can pool their knowledge .
  • Promotes a setting where collaboration and cooperation are valued
  • Students hold one another responsible and accountable.
  • Teaches students to plan more effectively and manage their time.
  • Instructors are able to have the content reinforced by giving the students ways to apply what they have learned in a collaborative setting.

Source:“Group Work in the Classroom.” Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, Grand Canyon University, cirt.gcu.edu/teaching3/tips/groupwork.

Disadvantages

  • Assignments must be designed carefully to make sure all members of the group will be active participants.
  • Some material, there are a limited number of possible projects that still meet the learning objectives.
  • Can be time-consuming for the instructors who needs to monitor each group, provide feedback and assist when necessary.
  • Projects must be designed so they are valid, fair and accurately reflects the knowledge and performance of all group members.
  • Group work can be hard to grade
  • Students may sometimes struggle with making decisions and splitting the work evenly in a group setting.

Source:“Group Work in the Classroom.” Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, Grand Canyon University, cirt.gcu.edu/teaching3/tips/groupwork.

The Impact on the Classroom

Impact on the Classroom

Group work can benefit students through collaboration and learning real world work group experience. However, group work can also have limited benefits when the workload is not equal among the students. Some students may not engage in the project and learn very little. Group work when designed well can benefit students but needs to be only one part of the whole education plan.

What is Integrative learning?

Integrative learning is the process of making connections among concepts and experiences and applying them to other subjects and everyday life. The learners are able to realize that subjects being taught are not seperate and isolated, but are linked to eachother.

Integrative Teaching

Source:“What Is Integrative Learning?” Ithaca College, www.ithaca.edu/icc/what_is_it/.

Advantages

  • Helps make meaningful connections
  • They encourage collaboration and communication
  • Increased understanding, retention, and application of concepts.
  • Helps develop multiple perspectives on a subject
  • Encourages active participation in relevant real-life experiences
  • Provides connections among various curricular disciplines
  • Accommodates a variety of learning styles

Source:“Integrated Curricula.” Partners In Learning, Miami University, performancepyramid.miamioh.edu/node/158.

Disadvantages

Source: Ascd. “Integrated Curriculum.” Overview, www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/425/chapters/Overview.aspx.

Disadvantages

  • Lack of time to plan effective units.
  • Takes collaboration between teachers of differnt subjects to work.
  • May lose focus on core class subjects when integrating 2 subjects
  • Can be difficult finding resources and information to tie multiple subject areas togethe
  • Difficulty for teachers to monitor achievement benchmarks with each subject combined
  • Coordinating schedules and agreeing on ideas across a variety of teachers is often a difficult task.
  • Students may not be able to see the connections between the differnt subjects

Impact on the Classroom

Integrative learning can help students connect subject areas together and more easily apply that knowledge to the real world. Students will learn not only the major subjects but also problem solving, language and merging of information. Students learn skills for real work environments like collaboration, time-management, and accountability. This style of teaching may be difficult for ESL students or culturally diverse students who may not understand the connections between subjects due to language or cultural barriers.

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