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CH.10 The Kinetic Theory of Matter
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
SOLID: is rigid with a definite shape, solids are rigid because the atoms, ions, or molecules that make up a solid are in fixed place.
LIQUID: is flowing matter with a definite volume but an indefinite shape.
GAS: is flowing matter that has no definite volume or shape and its easy to compress into a smaller volume.
States of Matter
The Kinetic Theory of Matter
in 1827, Robert Brown created the Brownian Motion the constant random motion of tiny particles of matter suspended in a liquid or a gas.
The Kinetic theory of Matter states that submicroscopic particles of matter are in constant, random motion.
IDEAL GAS: a gas that obeys the kinetic theory.
PRESSURE: is the force acting on a unit surface of an area.
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kinetic model of the states of matter
other forms of matter
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS: has a haphazard, disjointed and incomplete crystal lattice.
LIQUID CRYSTALS: when materials called liquid crystals melt, they loose their rigid organization in one or two dimensions.
PLASMAS: is an ionized gas
Temperature and Kinetic Energy
TEMPERATURE: is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material.
KELVIN SCALE: the scale used for temperature.
ABSOLUTE ZERO: a substance would have zero kinetic energy based on the intersection of the graphs origin (0,0). zero on the kelvin scale would refer to absolute zero.
DIFFUSION: is the process by which particles of matter fill a space because of random motion.
Mass and Speed of Particles
CHANGES OF STATE
EVAPORATION: is the process by which particles of a liquid form a gas by escaping from the surface
SUBLIMATION: the process by which particles of a solid escape from its surface and form a gas.
CONDENSATION: its the reverse of evaporation, gaseous particles come closer together, and condense to forms a liquid.
DEPOSITION: the process of sublimation
VAPOR PRESSURE: the pressure of a substance in equilibrium with its liquid.
BOILING POINT: is the temperature at which a liquids vapor pressure equals the pressure exerted on the surface of the liquid.
ENERGY AND THE HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
heat of vaporization
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: the energy absorbed when 1 kg of a liquid vaporizes at its normal boiling point.
the heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 x 10^6. because energy is always conserved, energy is released when vapor changes to a liquid.
HEAT OF FUSION: the energy released as 1 kg of a substance solidifies at its freezing point.
FREEZING POINT: the temperature of a liquid when it begins to form crystal lattice and becomes a solid.
MELTING POINT: is the temperature of a solid when its crystal lattice begins to break apart.
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STATES OF MATTER TRIANGLE
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HEATING CURVE FOR WATER
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