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Land- Based Empires
10
Through the
Empires
Naiomi Partridge
Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
China
1368 -1644
Expansion
1.
5.
3.
The Grand Canal was adjusted so ships could easily reach the capital and the Great Wall of China was also repaired to be better defense on the northern frontier. 15th Century
The Ming Dynasty made a new extreme set of laws called the Grand Pronouncements
1368
Zhu Yuanzhang’s, the future emperor's, first major coup was the capture of Nanjing
1356 CE
Expansion
The Ming capital was moved to Beijing, which was Nanjing before
1421
The Ming Dynasty began with a rebellion, which defeated the Yuan Dynasty
1368
4.
2.
This picture depicts the development of the Ming Dynasty.
Map
Ming Dynasty Administration
Administration
The Ming Dynasty, unlike previous ones, only had one government department: the Secretariat. The Secretariat controlled the Six Ministries which were Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice and Public Works . They were headed by a Minister and looked after by a Director all under the direct control of the Emperor.They were powerful bureaucrats who had direct access to the Emperor. The Ming Dynasty government also had Grand Secretaries to assist the Emperor with paperwork.
Normal Jobs
Other Jobs
In the Ming Dynasty there were four other main jobs:
The Shi: The shi class was an elite class of people. They were highly respected in the society because they represented wisdom and education.
The Nong: These were peasant farmers who were the producers of food. The Nong were seen also a vital social class.
The Gong: The Gong were artisans and craftsmen who were either government-employed or worked privately. Because they had skills passed on from generations, they were more respected than merchants.
The Shang: They were the merchants and traders and only traded the food/goods made by the other classes. To gain more respect in the society lot of the merchants bought land. Most of the population did believe that they were only motivated by greed and did not contribute the greater good.
Hierarchy
Chart
Belief System
Belief Systems
During the Ming Dynasty rule, there was a resurrection of Confucianism. Confucian principles were the basis for the imperial examination, which was a civil service examination system that was used to choose candidates for the state bureaucracy. The legitimacy of the government and the structure of society all depended on Confucian values. The justification of the Imperial Examinations was that candidates were to be chosen based on their knowledge of Confucianism, instead of their wealth and social status. This system also protected China from a corrupt and impure government.
Christianity Revival?
Christianity
During the Ming Dynasty, all kinds of Christians were expelled. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, Catholics came to China again. In 1582, a Jesuit named Matteo Ricci landed in Macau in an attempt to convert the emperor.There was a “Reformation” of Christianity in Europe, but this ultimately failed in China.
The Temple of Heaven
Buildings
The Temple of Heaven is the largest existing imperial sacrificing temple in China. It was built in the early 1400's during the Ming Dynasty as a Taoist temple. The altar is where emperors offered sacrifices to God and prayed for a good harvest.
Th Forbidden City
Building #2
The Forbidden City served as the Imperial Palace during the Ming dynasty. All the important halls of the Forbidden City were arranged symmetrically on the north-south central axis of old Beijing to represent the power of the emperor, given from Heaven, and the place where he lived being the center of the world.At the time, it was the political and ritual center of China
Tokugawa
Shogunate
Japan
1600- 1868
Timeline
The Tokugawa rose to power because the first Shogunate had fallen to pieces after the lack of an heir.
1603
Era of peace, population grew from 18 to 30 million
1787
Expansion
Tokugawa Ieyasu won the Battle of Sekigahara and ended fighting, used his victory to consolidate the power of all the lords under himself.
1600
Tokugawa goes through political consolidation, political structure is stable and growing
1653
The capital moves from Kyoto to Edo so shogun could get away from the influence of the Emperor
1863
This map shows the area of rule the Tokugawa Shogunate had
Map
Administration
Chart
Administration
Explanation
In Tokugawa Shogunate Empire, they rule through a complex feudal dictatorship. Their political system was called the bakuhan system. In this system the emperor was at the top, but actually had little power. The Shoguns were the people with real power, who could make decisions about the empire. Daiymo were wealthy landowners who were also feudal lords. The samurai were warriors who protected Japan, therefore were highly respected in society. The peasants and craftsman were the largest class and provided the basic needs of society. The merchants were the lowest class because they provide nothing of heir own and got success from others goods.
Religion
Belief Systems
Tokugawa was a hugely multicultural place with many widespread religions. The main religions and beliefs other than Confucianism were Buddhism and Shinto. The shoguns primarily followed the religion of neo-Confucianism, while the samurai followed Buddhism, peasants stuck to Shinto, and some secretly worshiped Christianity for a little. The founder of Tokugawa shogunate did not like Christianity becoming a common religion in Japan so he banned Christianity and got rid of all Christians until all Christians gone.
Government
Religion in Government
To legitimize their rule and to maintain stability, the shoguns adopted a Neo-Confucian ideology that reinforced the social hierarchy placing warrior, peasant, artisan, and merchant in descending order.
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Anatolia (Turkey)
1300 - 1922
TIMELINE
The Ottomans conquer most of Serbia.
Egypt is conquered and brought to empire.
The Siege of Vienna ( the first attempt to capture the city of Vienna)
Expansion
1389
1517
1529
Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire.
Mehmed II puts an end to Byzantine Empire.
Suleiman the Magnificent becomes ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
1300
1520
1453
Map of Ottoman's conquests
Map
Administration
Administration
Structure
In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan was the person who was most powerful and governed over the empires territory. The viziers were high-ranking advisers to the Sultan, the grand-vizier was essentially their boss who only took orders from the emperor himself. Janissaries were an elite highly trained army in the military. Janissaries were recruited using the practice of Devshrime to recruit mainly Christian subjects. The Heads of Religion millets were the guides for religious affairs.
Religion
Belief Systems
Because the Ottoman Empire included so much of the territory where Islam was practiced, their main religion was Islam. It was widely recognized that Suleiman was the religious leader of Islam, as well as the ruler of most Muslims. Although most the Ottomans were Muslims, they did not force the people they conquered to convert. They allowed Christians and Jews to worship without persecution as long as they followed the rules.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
The Hagia Sophia was a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world. It was originally a church for Catholicism, but was later turned to a mosque. It turned into an important site of Muslim worship after Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 and designed the structure of a mosque.
Mosque of Süleyman I the Magnificent
Mosque of Sulieman I the Magnificent
This is a Ottoman imperial mosque located in Istanbul. The mosque was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent and dedicated to Prince Mehmed. The mosque is important because it has all the aspect of the state. The tombs in the courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque belong to famous public figures in the Ottoman society such as Suleiman the Magnificent, Hurrem Sultan and Sinan the Architect.
Safavid Empire
Safavid Empire
Iran
1501 - 1722
Timeline
1514
1508
1588
Ismali conquers Baghdad
Expansion
Battle of Chaldrian with the Ottomans over territory in Persia
Shah of Persia who helped unify the empire by banishing all Ottomans
1555
1501
Ottomans and Safavid declare peace
1510
Shah Ismail conquers all of Iran
The Safavid Empire is founded by Shah Ismail and Shia Islam is declared official religion
This map depicts the Safavid Empires land
Map
Administration
Shah
Nobles
Administration
Artisans
Merchants
Peasants
Government
Roles in Society
The Safavid Empire had a centralized bureaucracy with a system of checks and balances. Every office had a deputy who recorded and reported all state actions and gave them directly to the Shah. The Shah had total power over everyone and also had a prime minister that dealt with state affairs. Each state had a local governor to watch over them and report to Shah (Kahns)
Religion
Belief Systems
The Safavid empire was ultimately a theocracy, religious and political power were intertwined, and all contained with the Shah. Religion was used to promote stability and unity across the empire. Shah Ismail made the decision to declare that the state religion would be the form of Islam called Shi'ism, that at the time was brand new. A campaign was launched to convert what was then a large Sunni population by persuasion and force. The practice of other religions became prohibited.
Mosque of Isfahan
Mosque of Isfahan
In 1598 the Shah decide to move the capital of the Persian empire to Isfahan. It benefited the empire both strategically and economically. This building was ultimately built to unite the decentralized power and bring it back to one place and person again.
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire
India
1526 - 1857
Timeline
5.
1603
1.
3.
1526
1557
Empire had a centralized gov. system that unified
Akbar created the largest army in empire ever
Babur defeats Sultan of Delhi and founds Mughal Empire
Expansion
6.
1628
2.
1527
4.
1599
Gov. was restored, territories recovered, peace maintained
Babur conquers Rajput princes and takes control of much of northern India
Empire consisted of India and most surrounding states
Map
Land of Mughal Empire
Administrative Ranking
Administration
Government Jobs
Jobs
In the Mughal Empire there are four main government jobs. The Sultan is the most powerful and respected person in the whole empire. The council of Ministry is the name of the supreme executive group of people. It is usually composed of ministers in charge of their own ministry, and there is often a Prime Minister. The exchequer is the royal treasurer who handles the finances of the empire. The mansabdar is the trained military unit within the administrative system.
Religion in Government
Belief Systems
The Mughal Empire, like the Ottomans, had a military dictatorship. The Sultan established authority over Islamic leaders and issued their own religious orders themselves. Most Mughal emperors were Muslim, and ruled over a largely Hindu population. Some leaders accepted other religions, while others tried to force their subjects to convert to Islam.
The Taj Mahal was built in 1631 in honor emperor Mahal's wife who passed away during childbirth. More than 22,00 workers built it, and some from different empires. This Muslim mausoleum stores both emperor Mumtaz Mahal and his wife's body
Taj Mahal
Moti Masjid
Built in 1656, the Moti Masjid was a popular mosque of the Munghal Empire. It was known as 'Masjid-i-Jahanuma' or 'Mosque commanding view of the world.' It was designed as Emperor Shahjahan's principal mosque.