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compared to France and Japan
Survey
・7 students answered
・high school students whose mother tongue is not Swedish, university students who born and raised in Sweden, etc
・Introduce the results at the end
School visit
- Swedish as a second
language
- Students from
different back ground
1 What is multiculturalism
2 Time line & school
3 Language and Immigrant
4 Religion
5 Democracy
6 Conclusion
・Institutions shall combat discrimination…..
national or ethnic origin, linguistic
or religious affiliation, etc
・Preserve & develop
ethnic, linguistic and
religious minorities
Chapter 1, Article 3 of the Instrument of Government
Second World War
Post-war
70s
Since 90s
Sweden becoming a host counrty for neighboring countries
Political refuges and family reunifications
Refugees from Southeastern-Europe and Yugoslavia
Demands for Swedish communities prompted a demand for foreign labor power, mostly from Finland, Southern Europe and Yougoslavia
- Highschool
- Observed course : Swedish as a second language
1. mother tongue education
2. study guidance in mother tongue
3. swedish as second language
“Pupils who have a mother tongue other than Swedish may have a right to mother tongue education.”
According to skolverket (the Swedish national agency for education)
Nearly 29% of pupils in the Swedish compulsory school (Years 0–9, ages 6–15) were eligible for mother tongue education in 2020/2021 academic year
and 60% of these pupils studied mother tongue education that year
SNAE (Swedish National Agency for Education), Citation2021, p. 12
Arabic was the most common language (approximately 80,500 pupils) and participation (approximately 58,700)
Somali coming second (21,900 eligible and almost 17,200 participating)
SNAE (Swedish National Agency for Education) in 2021
commonly taught in separate classes outside of regular class times
The subject: literature, history, and culture of the student's homeland
language center in Gothenburg
The Iceberg Model of Language Interdependence
What appears to be two very different phenomena on or above the surface is actually interdependent psychologically.
For students who have been evaluated as not being able to keep up with their classes in Swedish and other major subjects.
Approximately 143,000 pupils (13% of all pupils in compulsory school) participated in SSL in 2020/21
(SNAE, Citation2021, p. 13)
the pupils are to be given possibilities to develop the Swedish language in speech and writing so that they can express themselves in various contexts and for different purposes.
(SNAE)
in compulsory school, the pupil must
examples from study visit
Critical view on Multiculturalism in Swedish Educaiton
“Swedish multiculturalism is characterized by a very low level of integration of migrants
into society, resulting in negative consequences. De facto, migrants were unable to
become full-fledged members of the society..”(Matveevskaya et al.,2021)
・Migrants encounter difficulties in integrating fully into the society.
・Migrant people tend to be overqualified for their occupation.
With high level Swedish language
・Reduced the possibility of being educationally over required.
・The match between educational and occupational level was defined accord-
ing to the standard Swedish construction of socioeconomic class
(Statistics Sweden, 1982, p. 4; 1989, p. 5).
Educational Stratification
Disadvantaged backgrounds
- less likely to continue in school,
- However, the new second generation
doesn’t apply to this case.
To avoid discrimination, the employer should therefore not decide to check the right of a worker to be and work in Sweden solely on the basis of the worker's ethnic origin, colour or language skills.
-Still obstacles for immigrant people or people whose motehr tongue is nor Swedish, when they get job.
-Language skill do affect to occupation.
migrationsverket
-Prohibiting policies or practices aimed at assimilation
-Preserve their culture including language.
(Framework Convention for the Protection of the Rights of National Minorities)
→Japanese government focuses on more Japanese language instruction than mother tongue education
the difficulty of the job hunting is also problem in Japan as well as Sweden
but it is more serious in Japan
row rate of advancement to the next higher level of education
high dropout rates
non-fulltime employment
・Regional language education in France.
・Promotion and preservation of regional languages.
・Depends on a very random recruitment of teachers since they come from a provision to the respective governments, or local recruitment by consulates.
・Compared to Japan and France, Sweden is able to cope with language diversity better than these two countries
However, problems remain in terms of acquiring the language skills necessary for job hunting
From 1950s
In the early 2000s
Church of Sweden which is Lutheran.
In the end of 2021,
Background
Increased immigration has contributed to greater religious diversity,
> Muslims make up the largest non-Christian religious group in Sweden.
“Religion education” (RE) which is a non-denominational compulsory school subject taught from first grade throughout all school years.
Current Education
Definition
"A life question concerns the basic conditions for human life and for life in general. A life question is also an expression of a need to process and reflect on the experiences of the world and of the self in relation to the world and life in general."
- Sven Hartman
BENEFIT
LIFE QUESTION
What happens after death?
What is the meaning of life?
Who are you and how
would you like to be as a person?
What is morally right?
Problem
life-question pedagogy itself could be understood as an alternative to the more dogmatic heritage of Christian instruction rooted in Lutheran Protestant Theology.
> individuality was regarded as important thing
Definition
"A life question concerns the basic conditions for human life and for life in general. A life question is also an expression of a need to process and reflect on the experiences of the world and of the self in relation to the world and life in general."
BENEFIT
LIFE QUESTION
What happens after death?
What is the meaning of life?
Who are you and how
would you like to be as a person?
What is morally right?
Problem
life-question pedagogy itself could be understood as an alternative to the more dogmatic heritage of Christian instruction rooted in Lutheran Protestant Theology.
>students are not allowed to wear hijab
clothes are regarded as religious
>Reflecting the teachings of Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism,
which are deeply rooted in Japanese society.
Has been reformed over the years
Try to provide neutral and deep contents and allow students to be as they want no matter their religion
Can be criticized due to its Lutheran based perspective
= more power given to regional authority
Consequences : education conditioned by the willigness of municipalities and teachers
School visit
More personal teaching
Decide teaching methods & materials
Teachers
Devise own plan : local priorities
Schools
Goal oriented : objectives + curriculum
Government
To a
=> gap between rhethoric & pratice
= belief in existence of cultural and racial hierarchies
=> Ethnocentrism : Western/White culture supremacy
Consequences in Education :
=> Nordberg (2000) : "hidden agenda" : assimiliation as the aim of education in Sweden
School visit
Students : take responsabilities + work together + critical approach
&
Teachers : facilitators
2 types :
- representative : "protectionnist" (Barber, 2004)
- participatory
=> in Sweden, educational institutions operate in a protective form of governance
In a participatory perspective :
- Representation of community (ethnicity, religion, gender, etc)
- parents integration
- communication between parents & teachers
= protecionnist form of democracy
Position of power & decision
Space limited
+ help from equal opportunities policies
Rules already understood + cultural capital + contacts in government + langage
COMPETITION
Non-native children
Native children
School visit
THINK
NOT
Discrimination in general
INDIVIDUALLY
Discrimination that affects me
ME
Nowadays : conformity leads to unity ?
=> existence of standards
Diversity through communication
School visit
Dewey (1916) : 2 criteria of democracy :
- sharing of interest
- communication of these interests among diverse groups
CRITICAL THINKING ?
PARENTS PARTICIPATION ?
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1OIBiik2OhdX7zzJdHSy-W8mnE2FAiQvf6UwRdnNrVmY/edit?ts=651eaf36#responses
Sweden deals with students from various backgrounds by offering the mother tongue education and instruction of Swedish as a second language
Swedish RE classes can be evaluated in terms of the various changes they are making toward multiculturalism.
However, in order to improve the curriculum, it might be necessary to think critically about the influence of Lutheran, which is familiar to Sweden society, on the curriculum.
- Author
Berglund, Jenny. 2013. « Swedish Religion Education: Objective but Marinated in Lutheran Protestantism? » Temenos - Nordic Journal for Study of Religion 49(2): 165‑84.
« Constitution of Sweden 1974, as amended to 2018 ». https://constitutions.unwomen.org/en/countries/europe/sweden?provisioncategory=b21e8a4f9df246429cf4e8746437e5ac (10 octobre 2023)
« Full article: Attitudes and beliefs on multilingualism in education: voices from Sweden ». https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14790718.2022.2153851 (10 octobre 2023).
Karnemo, Ann Charlotte, et Amor Segerhammar. « Language Policy for Migrant Children in Sweden. An Introduction of Swedish Mother Tongue Education in Policy and Practice. »
Kittelmann Flensner, Karin. 2015. Religious Education in Contemporary Pluralistic Sweden. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/41110 (10 octobre 2023).
« Langues et cultures régionales ». Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse. https://www.education.gouv.fr/bo/21/Hebdo47/MENE2136384C.htm (10 octobre 2023).
« Les cours de langue maternelle et de culture d’origine pour enfants d’immigrés dans les systèmes scolaires des pays nordiques ». https://journals.openedition.org/nordiques/509 (10 octobre 2023).
« Letter Eleven: Multicultural Education as Democratic Education on JSTOR ». https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977720?seq=13 (10 octobre 2023).
« Modersmål - Utbildningsguiden ». https://utbildningsguiden.skolverket.se/languages/english-engelska/modersmal (10 octobre 2023).
« Multiculturalism Swedish Style: Shifts and Sediments in Educational Policies and Textbooks - Sabine Gruber, Annika Rabo, 2014 ». https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2304/pfie.2014.12.1.56 (10 octobre 2023).
« Redirecting ». https://www.google.com/url?q=https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwac018&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1696936937045160&usg=AOvVaw3Sbc5vUglXMHyXhsbWo7bl (10 octobre 2023).
« Sweden | Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies ». https://www.queensu.ca/mcp/immigrant-minorities/resultsbycountry-im/sweden-im (10 octobre 2023).
« Your Responsibilities as an Employer ». 2022. https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/Other-operators/Employers/Your-responsibilities-as-an-employer.html (10 octobre 2023).
« Your responsibilities as an employer - Migrationsverket ». https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/Other-operators/Employers/Your-responsibilities-as-an-employer.html (10 octobre 2023).
« 【資料3】外国人児童生徒等教育の現状と課題 ».
Duvander, Ann-Zofie E. "Do Country-Specific Skills Lead to Improved Labor
Market Positions?" Work and Occupations 28.2 (2001): 210-33. Web.
Bolgov, Radomir, Vadim Atnashev, Yury Gladkiy, Art Leete, Alexey Tsyb, Sergey
Pogodin, and Andrei Znamenski. Proceedings of Topical Issues in
International Political Geography. 1st Edition 2021 ed. Cham: Springer International AG, 2021. Springer Geography. Web.
Jonsson, Jan O., and Frida Rudolphi. "Weak Performance—Strong Determination:
School Achievement and Educational Choice among Children of Immigrants in Sweden." Eu
Barber, Catherine. « Stitched Up: How Rich-Country Protectionism in Textiles and Clothing Trade Prevents Poverty Alleviation ».
Dewey, John. 1916. Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York, NY, US: Macmillan Publishing.