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The Troubles

Alessandra Mary T Lams

The Merge

between ....

The Kingdom of Ireland

&

Great Britain

The

Merge

1801

  • Kingdom of Ireland and Great Britain merged.
  • Whole island became part of UK - formed constituent country of UK

1801

1920

  • British parliament - Government Ireland Act for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland
  • Intent: to create two self-governing territories that would remain within UK

1920

BUT.......

1922

The

IRISH

FREE

STATE

IRISH FREE STATE...

...established in 1922 after three-year

Irish War of Independence between

Irish Republican Army (IRA) & British Crown forces.

The

Irish Free State

1916

  • Easter Rising, & aftermath

- profound shift in public opinion towards republican cause in Ireland.

1918

(December) General Election - large majority of Irish seats in British parliament won by the republican Sinn Féin party

- set up own assembly (Assembly of Ireland).

- declared formation of Irish Republic & Declaration of Independence

Southern Ireland

1920

Government of Ireland Act 1920 established,

Subsequent War of Independence

(Irish Republican Army, IRA vs British security forces)

until July 1921

1920 - Southern Ireland separated from UK; became ...

.... The IRISH FREE STATE

Northern Ireland

  • majority of Northern Ireland's population - unionists - wanted to remain in UK, so OPTED OUT of Irish Free State
  • Most Unionists = Protestants, descendants of colonists from GB.
  • Significant minority, mostly Catholics -nationalists - wanted a united Ireland, independent of British rule.
  • For most of 20th century N. Ireland marked by discrimination/hostility between Protestants & Catholics
  • First Minister of Northern Ireland, David Trimble, "a cold house for Catholics".

Northern Ireland

the Troubles - a violent conflict

  • √Late 1960s
  • Conflict between state forces - Protestant unionists vs Catholic nationalists/republicans
  • Three decades of violence "the Troubles"
  • Claimed over 3,500 lives
  • Injured over 50,000 others
  • Many more psychologically damaged

The Violent Conflict

1968, Londonderry

How it began

  • Civil rights march 1968, Londonderry, ended in violence
  • Followed by two more days of serious violence
  • Rioting, brutally supressed by the police, both condemned worldwide
  • Nationalists were outraged
  • Series of reforms announced in 1968, but considered insufficient by some civil rights campaigners. Divisions within the movement began to appear
  • Moderate campaigners (Derry Citizens Action) organised several non-violent protests
  • Exremists (People's democracy) organised marches to Londonderry and Newry (Jan 1969). Both shadowed with violence and rioting
  • Violence continued and British government sent in the troops (Aug 1969) to "help restore order"

What were they protesting against?

  • Anti-Catholic discrimination in housing, employment, policing, and electoral procedures.
  • Public housing allocated preferentially to Protestants
  • High rate of unemployment among Catholics
  • High rate of poverty among Catholics
  • Difficulty in finding good jobs or state jobs (policemen, teachers, etc)
  • Only tax payers (or rate-payers) and their wives had the right to vote. Catholics were poorer than Protestant community, to be less likely to have a job, they were less likely to be rate payers. As a result of that, fewer Catholics had a vote for local elections.

What were they protesting against?

Restoring the order

  • Use of tear gas during riots
  • No-go areas in cities such as Belfast and Londonderry
  • Peace walls - to separate the Protestant areas from the Catholic areas (still in place today!)
  • Constant presence of soldiers during the Troubles
  • 1972 The 'Stormont' government (N.Ireland parliament) was suspended because it failed to restore the order. Direct rule from London imposed.

Irish Republican Army

The IRA

  • an Irish republican paramilitary organisation
  • sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland
  • the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles.
  • designated a terrorist organisation in the UK
  • designated an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland
  • it rejected the authorities of both UK and the Republic of Ireland

Sinn Féin

  • the political wing of the IRA
  • since 1981 it grew in influence
  • the IRA continued the Long War while Sinn Féin contested in the N.Ireland elections

Demands and action of IRA

  • demanded British withdrawal and Irish unification
  • against 'internment' (imprisonment without trial)
  • The Long war - only option according to the IRA - to force the UK troops out of N.Ireland through violence, bombs, terror, threats, attacks

Demands and action of IRA

The peace agreement

The Good Friday Agreement

The peace agreement

  • 1994, IRA announced ceasefire - realisation that the Long War was unwinnable
  • Sinn Féin entered into negotiations
  • 1996, peace talks and negotiations thanks to political realism and war-weariness
  • US President Bill Clinton played an active role: appointed veteran US Senator George Mitchell on chair of the talks process
  • Talks led to The Good Friday Agreement - the return of self-governing and the Principle of Consent

The Principle of Consent

Article 1 (ii) of the Good Friday Agreement says that the participants

"recognise that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively and without external impediment, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish, accepting that this right must be achieved and exercised with and subject to the agreement and consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland."

The Principle of Consent

Three Important Events

  • Londonderrry, 1968 (already mentioned)
  • Bloody Sunday, 1972
  • The Guildford Bombs, 1974

Three events

Londonderry, 1968

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/5/newsid_4286000/4286818.stm

Londonderry, 1968

Article

Read article and summarise, using mind map

Bloody Sunday

worksheet

Listen to the song and do the worksheet

song

https://youtu.be/s9CJU8-m-ig

Bloody Sunday, 1972

Song &worksheet

Article

article

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/30/newsid_2452000/2452145.stm

Read the article and summarise using mind map

The Guildford Bombs

The Guildford Bombs, 1974

Aricle

Film

Read the article and summarise using mind map

√http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/5/newsid_2492000/2492543.stm

Film: In the Name of the Father

FUTURE

How will Brexit affect Northern Ireland?

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/northern-ireland-peace-process

Read article and summarise using mind map

Brexit effect

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