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Labeling

Becker and R.C Rist

Teachers assessed their pupils in terms of an 'ideal type'

'Ideal type' considered to be conscientious, self disciplined and hard working

Tended to be middle class kids

Seen as the most able pupils

Self-fulfilling prophecy

  • Rosenthal & Jacobson and Margaret Fuller
  • Rosenthal & Jacobson conducted a field experiment; told teachers that the 20% of pupils they randomly selected would make rapid academic progress
  • 1 year later same 20% of pupils had performed better in tests
  • teachers believed in them so they believed in themselves

Interactionist concepts

  • Labeling - Becker and R.C Rist
  • Self-fulfilling prophesy - Rosenthal & Jacobson and Margaret Fuller
  • Banding/Streaming - Stephen Ball
  • Sub-cultures - Hargreaves, Willis, Mac & Ghaill and Sugarman

Banding/Streaming

  • Lacey
  • Those placed in low streams; were working class suffer a loss of self esteem; the school has undermined their self worth by putting them in a position of inferior status
  • Labeled as a failure
  • Pushes them to find other ways of gaining status so form an anti-school subculture

Differential Educational Achievement

One of the primary purposes of the education system in our society is to differentiate children, as part of the social process of their passage into the wider society

Internal factors affecting educational achievement

Willis

  • Aimed to combine a study of individual actions with the social structure
  • Studied a group of 12 working class boys over their final year and a half and briefly into employment
  • The boys despised school and they knew they were going to fail

Sub-cultures

Hargreaves

  • Found similar findings to Lacey in a secondary modern school
  • Boys in the lower streams were triple failures; failed their 11+, placed in low streams, and they had been labeled as 'worthless louts'. They formed an anti-school sub-culture
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