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What Do We Eat?

1. Carbohydrates​

2. Lipids​

3. Proteins​

4. Vitamins​

5. Minerals​

6. Water​

Minerals

  • inorganic substances
  • used to make certain body structures and substance
  • nerve and muscle function.​

Vitamins

  • organic substances that occur in foods in small amounts.​
  • Necessary normal metabolic functions

Water

CHONPS

  • Two-thirds of the body’s weight is water.​
  • Transport gases, nutrients and waste​
  • Regulate body temperature

6 Elements important for Life

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur

Nucleic Acids

Nutrients

Foods:

  • Function: Hereditary info
  • Elements: C, O, H, N, P

bread, pasta,

corn, fruit, beans, potatoes, candy

  • substances required by the body for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance.​
  • Each nutrient plays a different role in maintaining a healthy body.

Organic Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

  • Function: Short term energy storage
  • Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)
  • sugars end in "-ose"
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids

Polymer:

Polysaccharide

Monomer:

Monosaccharide

In animals:

  • Glycogen

In plants:

  • starch & Cellulose

Examples

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

Lipids:

Foods:

Proteins

  • Function: Long term energy storage
  • Elements: C, H, O, P

Butter, oils (on potato chips), cheese, nuts, fat of meats

Foods:

  • Function: structure, repair, function, speed up reactions
  • Elements: C, H, O, N, S

Fish, meat, yogurt, eggs, tofu

Monomer:

Fatty Acid

How do Humans Live?

- We Eat

Monomer:

Amino Acid

Enzymes:

20 Types:

  • Essential: we need to eat them
  • Non Essential: we make them
  • Special type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
  • Specific to specific Reactants
  • Help maintain homeostaisis
  • Enzymes end in "-ase"

Digestive System Functions

Polymer (s):

  • Phospholipids
  • Fats
  • Steroids
  • Waxes

1. Take in food

2. Break down food into molecule small enough for the body to adsorb

3. Get rid of undigested molecules and solid waste

Polymer: Peptide

Week 3 - Digestion

amino acids linked together

Ms. O'Neill

Freshman Biology

Where does the food go?

Types of

Digestion

Digestive

System

The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use is called digestion.

1. Chemical

Digestion

2. Mechanical

Digestion

A group of organs that work together to absorb nutrients and excrete solid waste

Path of Food

1. Mouth

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small Intestines

5. Large Intestines

6. Rectum

Chemical

Digestion

Enzymes and chemicals like acids

Mechanical

Digestion

.... it gets transported

physical movement

At the Body level:

Through the digestive tract

At the Cellular level:

Across cell membranes

Mouth

epoglottis - at the back of your throat is a flap that closes when you swallow so food does not go down your windpipe

Chemical

Digestion:

Absorption means that the molecules is leaving the digestive systems and being absorbed in the rest of the body usually into the bloodstream

Mechanical

Digestion

Absorption:

Saliva from salivary glands breaks down complex carbohydrates like starch into monosaccharides using the enzyme amylase

None

Chewing breaks down food into smaller chuncks

Across Cell

Membrane

Esophagus

These Proteins and Lipids and Carbs that make up the membrane are the same kind of organic macromolecules we eat, just recycled by the body

Long tube of involuntary muscles that connect the mouth to stomach

Chemical

Digestion:

Absorption:

None

Mechanical

Digestion

Peristalsis Contractions: muscles that line the esophagus contract pushing food down

Active

Does require energy

Stomach

C -shaped muscle lined sac that stores and digests food

Diffusion

Pancreas

Passive

long flat gland below stomach

makes enzymes used in the small intestine to break down lipids

movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration

Chemical

Digestion:

Does not require energy

Gastric Juice, a combination of Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin break down large proteins into peptides

Absorption:

Mechanical

Digestion

some medications like asprin

Churn & mix food through Peristalsis Contractions grinding into smaller pieces

Liver

wedge shaped gland above stomach

Makes bile

processes toxins

Small Intestine (Duodenum)

Transport of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and monosaccharides to the bloodstream uses diffusion

Transport of water uses osmosis

Bile

Gallbladder

Greenish liquid that helps break down chunks of fat into smaller globules

about 20ft long

small in diameter

most digestion

most absorption

Villi

osmosis

Small finger like projections that increase surface area of the inside so there is more room for absorption

small pouch below liver

stores bile until it is squeezed into small intestine, when stomach is full

Diffusion of water

Chemical

Digestion:

  • Intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes and bile break down lipids into fatty acids
  • Pancreatic enzymes break down more carbohydrates into monosaccharides

Absorption:

Mechanical

Digestion

Peristalsis Contractions of muscle surrounding small intestine

Vitamins Minerals

Water

Fatty Acids

Monosaccahrides

Amino Acids

Large Intestine

Last part of the digestive Tract

5 ft long

Much wider than small intestine

Chemical

Digestion:

None

Mechanical

Digestion

Absorption:

None

Vitamins & Minerals

Water

Rectum

last part of large intestine

stores solid waste until it is ready to be expelled through anus

Remember: Organic means containing carbon

Remember: monomer means single unit

Remember: polymer means multiple units

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