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DECOLONIZATION

Algerian War of Indpendence

  • War lasts for eight years (1954-1962)
  • 300,000 die
  • France was divided between those who wanted to end the war and those who now believed myth that Algeria was part of France.
  • Charles De Gaulle returns to power and negotiates peace because he believed France could not keep up expense of colonial war.
  • Evian Agreement signed on March 18, 1962.
  • Contained protections for Europeans still in Algeria but almost all left.
  • By the end of that year 9/10s were gone and population of Algeria was similar to that of any other Northern African nation.

Three Factors:

The End of Empires

1. War

  • smashed or weakened empires [militarily and financially]
  • raised confidence of colonized people

2. Nationalism

  • idea that one's people share common and distinct culture and deserve political independence

3. Racism

  • Europeans had promised a degree of control and autonomy to Western educated elites
  • always, "not quite ready"
  • Elites led struggles for independence worldwide

World Map 1920

Example #1 - The Algerian War of Independence

Background:

France colonizes Algeria in 1830.

Becomes official part of France.

Large numbers of French settlers move to Algeria.

  • Known as Colons or Pieds Noirs
  • Largely peasants, farmers, working class.
  • grand Colons vs. poor workers.
  • By 1848: 109,000 European Settlers.

1871 Franco-Prussian War results in:

  • More settlers.
  • Land taken from rural Algerians [wine], forced movement to cities.
  • large amounts of grain sold to France [shortage].
  • Establishment of régime d'exception [denies due process to natives] and Native Code [insolence, unauthorized assembly].

Algerians fight for the French in both World Wars and want independence.

FLN [Front de Liberation Nationale] formed in November 1954.

  • Revolution breaks out.
  • Brutality and terrorism on both sides.

Definition: The undoing of colonialism at all levels of society.

  • Usually associated with the period following WWII.
  • Nations all over the world that had suffered under European [mostly] rule fought for and won their independence.
  • Most struggles for independence were violent.
  • Besides political independence, new leaders sought to distance themselves from their former rulers in terms of economics, education, the arts, and culture.

The Battle of Algiers, 1966

Example #2, The Partition of India

  • India achieved independence without a violent war against the British.
  • but was decolonization non-violent?
  • Anticolonial elites in the Indian National Congress Party negotiated a peaceful transfer of power from British to indigenous rule.
  • Disagreement in leadership over what type of state it should be.
  • Gandhian non-modern village utopia vs. modern industrialized state

Partition of India

  • With the threat of civil war looming, the out going British divided the subcontinent into separate states.
  • This division did not take into account geographical or the relalities of divided populations.
  • On August 14, 1947 Pakistan becomes independent. India on the next day.
  • Immediate Huge Upheaval
  • As many as 1 million Hindus and Muslims murder one another.
  • 12 million Muslims and Hindus leave their homes to scramble to the country of their religious view.

Hindu majority vs. Muslim minority

  • Unity against British fell apart.
  • Indian Nationalism had been based on culture and symbols of Hindu majority.
  • This did not represent Muslim community or the many classes, castes, languages and cultures within Hinduism.
  • Riots broke out in 1946 between Hindus and Muslims.
  • The British played the two sides off against each other, encouraging division, as they had throughout their hundreds of years in India.
  • Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim league, demanded a separate Muslim state.
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