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2. Attack Symptoms

3. Aftermath Symptoms

1. Prodromal Symptoms

  • Instant change from antisocial to excitable, lunatic behaviour
  • Tearing clothes off
  • Throwing furniture/objects
  • Screaming Obscenely
  • Running wildly through the tundra, climbing, placing themselves in dangerous positions
  • Convulsive seizures
  • Animal Noises

(Landy, 1985)

Piblokto

  • Individual collapses after seizure
  • Comatose state of sleep (only reacts to pain stimuli)
  • Subsequent amnesia

(Landy, 1985)

Early symptoms

  • Anti-social behaviour
  • Irritation
  • Social Withdrawal

(Landy, 1985)

Important to Note

  • No single recurring symptom: individual and environmental factors

  • So there’s a huge pool of possible symptoms, however each seizure only contains certain symptoms. (Symptoms differ from person to person)

(Gussow, 1985)

Inuit/Eskimo populations

Child rearing

  • Sexual liberty
  • Only "natit" is worn in the house
  • Children walk around the house naked
  • Gender differences seen from about the age of 12
  • Girls & domestic duties - age 12
  • Boys & hunting duties -mid-teens (Hrdlicka, 1941)

Female Role in the Inuit Culture

  • Sexual and physical abuse (Brill, 1912)
  • Marriage & rights within it
  • Sexual liberty - wife exchange
  • Male vs. female rights
  • Woman's sexual right is the property of the male (Holm, 1914)
  • Unmarried women are treated as a common property (Parker, 1962)
  • Love deprivation as a result of being treated like a servant (Holm, 1914)

Similar Conditions

Piblokto

Conclusion & Critiques

Role of culture

Conditions similar to Piblokto have been observed in several cultures

  • Ataque de Nervios, US/Caribbean
  • Salem Witch Trials, Massachusetts USA
  • Few case studies
  • Ill-defined symptoms
  • Similar to other recognised disorders
  • Racially and culturally biased studies
  • Only etic approaches
  • Emphasis on spiritual life -(Parker, 1962)
  • Role of children within the culture
  • No gender differences in childhood
  • No harsh discipline
  • No punishment (Stefannson, 1914)
  • Permissive atmosphere - (Honigmann, 1959)

Symptoms

  • Fainting*
  • Hysterical crying*
  • Disordered speech
  • Frenzied motor activity*
  • Tearing clothes*
  • Running aimlessly*
  • Flying attempts
  • Animal imitations*
  • Bodily contortions*
  • Rigidity
  • Seizures*
  • Burning sensation
  • Choking sensations
  • Hallucinations
  • Loss of hearing/speech/memory*
  • Babbling*
  • Insults*
  • Gestures of assault*
  • Loss of memory*
  • Melancholia

(Zeller, 1990)

Salem Witch Trials

Symptoms

Cultural Conditions

  • Salem, Massachusetts (1691-1692)
  • 10 initial women
  • Accused of witchcraft
  • 20 executions, 5 died in prison

(Zeller, 1990)

  • Intense emotional upset*
  • Tremors
  • Fainting*
  • Epileptic episodes*
  • Agitation*
  • Uncontrolled screaming*
  • Crying
  • Anger*
  • Depression
  • Heat sensations
  • Dissociative episodes*
  • Amnesia*
  • Depersonalisation

(Nogueria,De Jesus Mari & Razzouk, 2015)

  • Late October – Late February
  • Weather*
  • Dark, cold
  • Diet
  • Low calcium
  • Malnutrition
  • Low light levels*
  • Patriarchal, puritanical society
  • Fear of witches and devil
  • High anxiety *
  • High stress *
  • Gender inequality
  • Did not suggest witchcraft for 2 months
  • Suggests unusual symptoms

(Zeller, 1990)

Causes of Piblokto

Conditions

  • Spanish speaking regions in the Caribbean
  • Social and economic difficulties
  • Gender inequality
  • High stress
  • Responsibility
  • Violence
  • Lack of support
  • Loss of loved one

(Nogueria,De Jesus Mari & Razzouk, 2015)

Ataque de Nervios

References

Varying Views

  • "Attack of nerves"
  • Found among people of Latino Descent
  • 16-17% of Puerto Ricans
  • ~76% female (Guarnaccia et al, 1993)
  • Response to stressful situations
  • American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th, text revision. ed.). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Gussow, Z. (1985). Pibloktoq (Hysteria) Among the Polar Eskimo. In The Culture-Bound Syndromes (pp. 271-287). Springer Netherlands.
  • Landy, D. (1985). Pibloktoq (hysteria) and Inuit nutrition: possible implication of hypervitaminosis A. Social Science & Medicine, 21(2), 173-185.
  • Nogueira, Bruno Lima, Mari, Jair de Jesus, & Razzouk, Denise. (2015). Culture-bound syndromes in Spanish speaking Latin America: the case of Nervios, Susto and Ataques de Nervios. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 42(6), 171-178.
  • Parker, S. (1962). Eskimo Psychopathology in the Context of Eskimo Personality and Culture. American Anthropologist. 64; 76-96.
  • Peary, R. E., (1910). The North Pole. New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co.
  • Stefansson, V. (1914). The Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: Preliminary ethnological report. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 14.
  • Zeller, A. (1990). Arctic Hysteria in Salem? Anthropologica, 32(2), 239-264.
  • Dick, L. (1995). Piblokto: A Construction of European-Inuit Relations. The University of Wisconsin Press, 32(2), 1-42. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  • Higgs, R. (2011). Pibloktoq: A study of a culture-bound syndrome in the circumpolar region. The Macalester Review, 1(1), 1-9. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  • Sensory Deprivation and Arctic Environmental Factors
  • Dietary Needs
  • Calcium deficiencies
  • Hypervitaminosis A
  • Extreme loneliness and the missing of loved ones
  • Underdeveloped and primitive personalities
  • (Dick, 1995)

"An abrupt dissociative episode accompanied by extreme excitement for up to 30 mins’ duration and frequently followed by convulsive seizures and coma lasting up to 12 hours" (DSM-IV,pg. 901)

Mainly affects the female Inuit population

The symptoms of piblokto can be split up into three sections:

1. Prodromal Symptoms

2. Attack symptoms

3. Aftermath symptoms

  • Piblokto as a "catch all" phrase for Western researchers
  • Manifestation of basic personality
  • Non-existent term for Piblokto in language of the Eskimos
  • (Higgs, 2011)
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