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Cycling Of Water: Radiation

Comparing The Water Cycle In Different Areas

Resources Cont.

Radiation is the continuous flow of energy from one source flowing outwards. In the water cycle, this comes from the sun. The sun radiates heat outwards and towards the Earth. This has to do with the water cycle and the sun because this energy is what helps drive evaporation which leads to the rest of the water cycle. Without the radiation from the sun, the water cycle may not exist. This may have to do with gravity because since gravity can bend/ attract light (in up to some extreme cases like a black hole), maybe gravity can attract the energy from the sun, though no very largely. If it does, then the gravity of the Earth can pull in a little more energy that helps evaporate water and

keeps the water cycle going.

The water cycle occurs differently on the poles and on the equator. Since heat from the sun can always heat the equator, there is a lot of heat that can evaporate more water that will lead to more clouds and precipitation. However, because of Earth's hemispheres and tilted axis, the poles are not always in the direct path of the sun's heat. For this reason, there might be less heat at the poles when they are facing away from the sun. That means that evaporation happens slower and the skies will be clearer but it will still be colder. Since it is colder at the poles, the water there can also freeze which will leave a lot of the water at the poles in 'storage' in the glaciers.

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Interactions

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080328225118AAgFR33

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclecondensation.html

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprecipitation.html

http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/weather6.htm

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclegwstorage.html

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/H2O-On-the-Go/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Storage-in-the-water-cycle

http://weather.about.com/od/s/g/surface_runoff.htm

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclerunoff.html

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/surface-tension.html

Cycling Of Water: Convection

Resources Cont.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/properties-of-water.html

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7204995_water-heat-capacity-heat-vaporization.html

http://docweather.com/2/show/59/

http://www.srh.noaa.gov/crp/?n=education-watercycle

http://www.atmos.illinois.edu/earths_atmosphere/heat_transfer.html

Convection can be seen in the water cycle. Convection is found in the clouds. As warmer water vapor rises into the clouds and helps make the clouds, the water vapor already there has started to cool down and is a little more dense than the other water vapor and is going down to the bottom of the cloud. The colder water vapor is also being displaced by the hotter water vapor. The sun is involved in this because the amount of heat from the sun affects the amount of warm water vapor rising in the clouds. Gravity is involved in this because it pulls the more dense water vapor down. The heavier material goes down.

Precipitation: Snow

Resources

Snow begins the same way as rain: the evaporated water vapor starts condensing around condensation nuclei. However, an ice crystal is formed when the condensed water droplet freezes. Then, the ice crystal starts falling down through the cloud and as this happens, more water condenses onto the ice crystal, forming the patterns that make a snowflake. Humidity and temperature affect the type of pattern. Snow will fall and stay as snow if it stays frozen all throughout the time it falls to the ground.

Precipitation: Sleet

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons article-207168/rainfall

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/flaking-out-how-snow-forms

http://www.noaa.gov/features/02_monitoring/snowflakes.html

http://addins.waow.com/blogs/weather/2011/03/how-does-sleet-freezing-rain-form

https://suite101.com/a/what-causes-snow-sleet-and-freezing-rain-a78751

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevaporation.html

http://kenyawater.wordpress.com/category/background/

http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/SCT112/lecture3_print.htm

Sleet stars out as a snowflake in the clouds. However, it freezes and refreezes. As the snowflake starts to fall from the below freezing temperatures of the clouds, it melts as it reaches a layer of air that is above freezing. The snowflake turns into a raindrop here. After that, there is another layer of air beneath this one that reaches all the way down to the surface of the Earth. This layer is below freezing. The raindrop freezes again and the end result is sleet.

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Interactions

Precipitation: Rain

Evaporation

Precipitation: Freezing Rain

By: Rosi Hristova

In order for rain to form, there need to be particles, or condensation nuclei, in the air that are above freezing in temperature. When the nuclei cool down to below freezing, the evaporated water vapor starts to cling, or condensate, onto the nuclei, forming raindrops. Once there is the raindrop becomes too big and too heavy, gravity pulls it down and it falls as rain.

Evaporation is the process when water changes from a liquid to a gas. In order for this to happen, there needs to be energy. When water reaches its boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius, or 212 degrees Fahrenheit, there is a lot more energy so the water evaporates much more easily.

Freezing rain, like sleet, starts out as a snowflake. As it starts falling, it again melts in an above freezing layer of air. In the case of freezing rain, the last layer that is below freezing is very small and is right above the surface of the Earth. For this reason, the rain freezes only when it touches the Earth's surface.

Transpiration

Water Cycle

Properties Of Water: Surface Tension

Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plants. This happens from the stomata found on the undersides of plants' leaves. It occurs when the guard cells around the stomata open up. Water can escape through the opening. When the guard cells are closed, transpiration doesn't occur. Transpiration happens for a couple of reasons. Since transpiration is kind of like sweat for plants, when plants transpire, the water vapor draws heat away from the leaves and the plant cools down. Another reason transpiration occurs is because it helps move water through the plant. Transpiration can also happen when the stomata is open to take in CO2 and some of the water escapes from the plant.

http://kenyawater.wordpress.com/category/background/

Surface tension occurs because the water molecules that are on the surface of the body of water, whether it be a drop of water or a pond, have stronger bonds. This is so because there aren't as many water molecules at the surface of the water because there is air. Instead, the top water molecules join more tightly to the molecules they can reach. When salt is added into water, the salt gets in between the bonds of the water, making the surface tension less. When the surface tension is less, the water evaporates easier because less energy is required to separate the water molecules. When the oceans from where the water evaporates for the water cycle have more salinity, the water evaporates easier so more water evaporates.

Storage

Properties Of Water:

Heat Capacity

Condensation

Another part of the water cycle is storage. Water can be stored underground or in glaciers. Water stored underground gets there when precipitation seeps through the ground and deep into it. The soil here is saturated so it always holds water. The water from here may eventually seep into a body of water and will continue its path on the water cycle there. Glacier storage is water frozen in glaciers. That water is being stored in the glaciers and will resume its cycle once it melts.

Precipitation

Runoff

Condensation is when the water vapor that evaporated cools down and goes back to a liquid which forms clouds. Condensation can happen when the vapor reaches its dew point so it cools down and becomes water droplets and when the humidity of the air is close to saturated so some of the water has to condense for the air to be able to hold all the water vapor. It usually occurs when there is a sudden change in temperature.

Heat of vaporization, or heat capacity, is water's ability to absorb heat. Since it can absorb heat, it takes a lot of heat for water to get hot enough to boil. It takes even more heat for water in oceans to evaporate because oceans are large bodies of water. The body of water will absorb a lot of heat until there is finally enough heat for some of the water to evaporate. This affects the water cycle because if there isn't a lot of heat, the oceans will not evaporate as much and there won't be as much water vapor and therefore condensation.

Runoff is extra water that does not seep into the ground and does not get collected in a body of water. Instead, this water flows down the surface of the Earth into low-lying areas or will eventually flow into some river that will lead back to the ocean.

Precipitation is when water is falling from the clouds in the form of rain, snow, freezing rain, or sleet. The water droplets in the clouds are too small to be pulled down and rain. As more water condenses into one bigger water droplet or as water droplets collide with one another, the drops get bigger. After a certain size, the droplets are too heavy and fall to the ground as precipitation.

By: Rosi Hristova

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