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History of Iran, Turkey, and Cyprus

Rulers of Turkey

  • In the 330s Alexander the Great conquered the Persian empire.
  • After Alexanders sudden death, his empire broke up into smaller kingdoms ruled by Greek kings.
  • Much of modern-day Turkey became Greek-speaking.
  • Eventually these Greek kingdoms fell too.
  • The Sassanian empire took their place,a nd ruled for four hundred years.
  • They made Zoroastrianism their offical religion.

Romans, Arabs, and Turks

Revolution in Iran

  • The Roman empire conquered Turkey and Cyprus.
  • The eastern part of the empire survived as the western part fell.
  • It ruled parts of the region until the A.D 1400s.
  • Its capital was called Constantinople, called Istanbul today.
  • It was a Christian empire.
  • The shah's repressive policies created opposition.
  • One leading critic named Khomenini opposed the shah's efforts to make Iran more like western countries.
  • The shah forced Khomenini to leave Iran but the Ayatollah's attacks continued.
  • in 1978, Iranians took to the streets to protest shah rule.
  • In February 1979, Khomenini returned and took power.

Government and Trade

& Life in the Persian empire

A New Iran

The Arab Conquest of Iran

  • In the early 1900s the dynasty that ruled Iran ran out of money.
  • Russian and Britain controlled Iran's oil resources and influenced the government which a lot of Iranians resented,
  • After 1941, his son, Mohammad Pahlavi, continued his work, he became a close ally of the United States.
  • He created a powerful secret police force that arrested or killed crities of his rule.
  • In the 600s Muhammad and his followers defeated the Sassanian empire and conquered Iran.
  • Over time, most Iranians conquered Iran.
  • Iran became a vital part Muslim economic and cultural life.
  • The first Islamic religious schools were founded there in the 900s.
  • However, ethnic pride remain strong in Iran and its native language and culture survived.
  • A governor, called a satrap, ran each province in the Persian empire.
  • The Persians made efficient roads and created a system of weights and measures, they also produced coins that could be used across the empire.
  • The Persians respected local traditions, though they were willing to crush revolts brutally.
  • Art flourished under the Persian rule. Kings brought artists and craftspeople to their capital.
  • They built large palaces decorated with jewels

and sculptures.

The Ottoman Empire

Turkey Forms

  • In the 100s, Muslim Turks began to gain power of Iran and Turkey, they gave the country of Turkey its name.
  • The Turks established kingdoms in the region. The Ottoman famillys kingdom soon became the most powerful.
  • They ended the Byzantine empire in 1453.
  • The Ottomans ruled over man Jews and Christians.
  • Perhaps the greatest Ottoman ruler was Suleiman the Magnificent.
  • After the Ottoman empire lost World War I, European powers took control odf its land.
  • European powers also wanted to control Turkey itself but a Turkish rmy officers named Mustafa Kemal led forces to Turkey's independence.
  • Under Kemals rule Turkey became a republic and he tried to make it more European.
  • People had to dress in Europan clothes.
  • Most Turks today today consider consider him as a national hero.

Last Days of the Ottoman Empire

  • In the early 1900s Young Turks took [power of the Ottoman empire.
  • They sided with Germany in World War I.
  • Armenian Christian faced persecution before World War I.
  • The soldiers killed 600,000 to 1,500,500 Armenians.
  • The killing of Armenians by Turkish leaders from 1915 to 1918 is called the Armenian genocide.
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