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Sassanian Empire, and its eventual fall to Islams growth

Khosrow I

Kavadh I

King from 531-579. Probably the most famous king of the Sassanian empire. He was alive and fought at the same time as Justinian I, the great emperor of Byzantium. He personally revitalized the infrastructure and policies of the empire.

King for almost 50 years, he sees to the resurgence of the empire. From 488-530 he lead many battles and reforms in the kingdom. Backed by the Hephthalites, he fought the Byzantines and even met the great Belisarius in battle. Restored much of the empire and is well remembered

Rebirth of an Empire

The White Huns

From the time of of Kavadh I's death in

531 and up until around 620, the Sassanid Empire experiences its last great reign. So called its second "golden age". Right at the beginning of this time the empire reached its greatest size as well.

The Hephthalites, or white huns. They lead attacks aganist the Sassanids, and even were able to take part of the empire. King Peroz was killed fighting the eastern enemies and the kingdom went into a sort of decay.

Rise of Islam

Early History

War with Byzantium

Late Middle Period

Early History Cont.

The Final Battles

By 610, the Prophet Muhammad will be visited by the angel Gabriel in the Hira and will begin to preach around Mecca

From 602-628, Khosrow II lead a war against the Byzantines. These battles will eventually lead to weakening of both civilizations, and will result in the assassination of Khosrow II by his own son Kavahd II. He will call the war to a quick stop and both countries' boundaries return to how they were almost 400 years prior.

During the reign of Shapur II, we see further attacks between the Sassanids and the Romans. We see here that each empire fought to gain or control land for themselves.

Collapse into Chaos

After Bahram, the next rulers rode on his efforts. Yazdegerd II and his son Hormizd III lead the end of the middle period of the Sassanids, due to fighting from Byzantium and the Huns from the east.

Around 650, the invading muslims had almost captured all of the Sassanid Empire. With the last captures of Persian-controlled Armenia and Northern Afghanistan, the empire was more or less under rule of the cailphate.

From around 324-375, the empire was in a a so called "golden age". We see the rise of Shapur II who defeated the arabs tribes in the south and kept the forces from china and the steppe under control to maintain the silk road.

After Kavadh II took power, he died shortly and the kingdom fell into disarray. From the period 628-632 the Sassanid empire would have a total of 10 different changes in power.

Muhammad written in tuluth

Early History

The Sassanian Empire was founded after the fall of the Parthian Empire around the year 224 ce.

Early History Cont.

Early Empire

Trade/Economy

This is what the empire

looked like in 224.

The empire focused on trade between the east and west as the silk road crossed right through its borders. Trade focused on items like silk, leather, and metalworks.

By the time of Shapur II's death,

we see a growth in the prosperity and land for Persia. It was probably at one of its strongest points, and from 375-420 it was a in nice steady period.

During its 400 year reign,

the Sassanian empire would be world super-

power along with its neighbor the Byzantines.

The early history of the Sassanids is heavily involved with wars for power, land, and resources. For a century (around 224-324) rulers like Shapur I and Narseh worked on gaining things for the empire.

Focusing on Shapur I, he fought very hard to grow the kingdom. Leading campaigns against Rome and other locations. He was able to capture Bactria and even parts of Armenia, which at the time was a vassal of Rome.

The Last king

It would eventually fall to do to fighting on

west from Byzantium and from the south

do to the growing muslim conquerors.

In 632, a young child came out of hiding and turned out to be a grandchild of Khosrow I. This boy was named Yadzegerd III, and he sadly would be the last king of the Sassanids due to the invading Muslims and internal problems.

Death of Muhammad, Rise of the Caliphate

Capturing Mesopotamia

The Last Alliance

In 632, the Prophet Muhammad-pbuh dies. Some internal fighting happens but in the end Abu Bakr creates the first caliphate and looks to expand his rule and territory. Sadly, he turned his eyes on the already weakened Sassanid Empire.

In the year 634, the muslims started their attacks on the Sassanids. The first part of their plan was to take lands in what is now Iraq. Attacking from and around the desert doing raidsa and quick battles allowed the caliphate to plunder and loot without be touched by the Sassanids.

After the first attacks into the region, Yazegerd III contacted the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to see if they could enter a military group to defeat their common enemy the muslims.

Government

Middle Period

Religion

In a sense, the empire was a basically a feudal monarchy, lead by a single ruler called the "shahanshah" or king of kings in arabic.

Battle of Nihawand

One of the biggest things about the Sasanian Empire is the fact that they practiced Zoroastrianism, one of the worlds oldest religions and an early type of monotheism.

The Defeat

From the years 375-420 the

empire went through several rulers, like Ardashir II or Yazdegerd I who both kept the kingdom peaceful but did nothing of merit. Then, in 421 we see the ascension of Bahram V.

Bahram V

Start of Decline

The battle that took place here was probably the most decisive of the whole war. Yadzegerd III lost most of his territory here and had to retreat to smaller parts of Persia to try to grow an army, while being followed by the invading muslims.

This is the standard of the rulers of Sassanids.

By 652, Yadzegerd III was simply trying to outrun the invaders and escape somewhere with his life. In a weird twist of fate, Yazegerd is murdered in a small town by a mill-owner because he fancies the kings purse. With his death, the Sassanid Empire truly fell.

Bahram V, is possibly the most

well-respected and most accomplished king of the Sassanids. A strong ruler who inspired much art and writing during reign. He is even exalted as a person of myth and legends in Iranian lore.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazic_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire

--Durant, Will. The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950. Pages 142-151.       

--"Byzantine Empire." World Book. 2005 ed.                  

--Judd, Gerrit P. A History of Civilization. London: Collier-Macmillan Limited, 1966. Pages 102-103.

--The Cambridge Ancient History: XII. The Imperial Crisis and Recovery. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1965. Pages 321- 322, Pages 126- 127 and Pages 336- 338

--The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Volume Two. New York: The Heritage Press, 1946. Pages 1510- 1552.

--"Bahram VI Chubin." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.

--"Xusro I (531-579) - Sasanika." Sasanika. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016.

--Lee, Silkroad Foundation Adela C.Y. "The White Huns - The Hephthalites." The White Huns - The Hephthalites. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.

--"History of Iran: Sassanid Empire." History of Iran: Sassanid Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2016.

After the death of Khosrow I, we see the empire beginning to falter. We see three kings rule within 10 years. Hormizd IV became king in 571 and was overthrown in 590 by Bahram VI. He was thus disposed by Khosrow II in 591.

Khosrow II will lead us right into the decay of the Sassanid Empire.

Aftermath

Khosrow II, his rise.

After the death of Yazegerd III, all of iran falls to the emerging arabs. 652 was the last time that Iran/Persia was something other than muslim. This will also allow the arabs to be right next to the byzantine empire, and will result in their fall in 1453.

Khosrow II rose to power by actually

forming an alliance with the Byzantines. He agreed to give Emperor Maurice part of the Cucacus in order for help to get ride of Bahram VI.

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