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MIRAGE

DIAMONDS

SHIMMERING

Bending of light rays passing through layers of air with extremely different temperature (optical effect)

Larger scale than shimmering

Sand becomes hot and heats the air above it, when sunlight reaches hot air near the ground, the light is refracted upwards. We assume the origin of the light as being on the ground because we think light always travels in a straight line

  • Because diamond has a high index of refraction, it has a low critical angle
  • Most light entering a diamond gets reflected back inside the diamond due to total internal reflection
  • Light can bounce around

the inside several times

before exiting the top

causing a sparkle

CHEMISTRY

Apparent movement of objects in hot air over surfaces

Are caused by refraction of light in unevenly heated air. Cooler air is denser than hotter air and there is no boundary between cold and warm air so light doesn’t bend but travels along a curved path. Air always moves but refraction changes which causes shimmering.

CHEMISTRY

1. SKIN EPITHELIAL

THIN LENS EQUATION

Thin flat cells that are semi-permeable barrier between the in and outside of body

XYLEM

2. COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL

Transports water and minerals from root to plant. Not alive, hollow tubes with rigid walls.

If the lens equation makes a negative image distance, then the image is a virtual image on the same side of the lens as the object. If it makes a negative focal length, then the lens is a diverging lens. The lens equation can be used to calculate the image distance for either real or virtual images and for either positive on negative lenses.

RAINBOW

DISPERSION

At first the waves are parallel to each other

Columns of cells that line small intestine, stomach and glands

Photosynthesis and Balancing Equations

Plant cells have chloroplast which contains chlorophyll and allows plants to conduct photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into and oxygen. In a balanced equation format, in which the mass is equal on both sides, this looks like:

6CO2 + 6H20 →

C6H1206 + 6O2

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

PHLOEM

Camera Lenses & Films (Technology Project)

Lens: As the distance between the lens and the real image increases, the light beams spread out more, forming a larger real image. But the size of the film stays constant. When you attach a very flat lens, it projects a large real image but the film is only exposed to the middle part of it. A rounder lens produces a smaller real image, so the film surface sees a much wider area of the scene .

Film: A photographic film is a suspension of silver halide 'grains' (crystals) in a gelatin matrix. This gelatin matrix is melted and applied to a polymer base that holds the film together. The light sensitivity of this silver halide suspension is this reaction:

Ag+Br- (crystal) + hv (photon of light) → Ag+ + Br + e-

The silver ion can then combine with the electron: Ag+ + e- → Ag

Transports sugars made from photosynthesis, some hormones and nutrients up and down the plant.

Forms when sunlight enters water droplet and refracts, reflects of inner surface and refracts again when leaving. Two refractions cause dispersion of light. Because red is refracted downward the

most, its only visible

from droplets high in

the sky making it the

top colour in the rainbow.

PHYSICS

OPTICAL FIBRE

Line skin and internal organs. Made of cells with connections between adjoining cell membranes so they can form a protective barrier

Process of separating colours by refraction. White light includes all visible wavelengths of light. White light entering a prism is refracting twice; enters prism and exits prism.

Red light = slowest = refracts least

Violet light = fastest = refracts most

HYPEROPIA

GROUND TISSUE

VASCULAR TISSUE

MYOPIA

Gamma Rays and Cancer:

Gamma rays penetrate human tissues.

Cancer occurs when one or more checkpoints in the cell cycle fail, and the cell divides uncontrollably.

Gamma rays can be used for killing cancerous cells and maximizing healthy cells.

The waves that hit the medium slows down causing the wave to change direction

1. CONVERGING

CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Warming and Plants

Global warming causes desertification, a process in which land dries out until little or no vegetation can survive and land becomes a desert due to a water shortage.

This means that the root system of a plant doesn't have water to absorb from the soil and transport to the top of the plant. This will kill the plant.

MUSCLE TISSUES

1. SKELETAL MUSCLE

2. SMOOTH MUSCLE

Then they hit the medium

  • Far sightedness, eye cannot focus on nearby object
  • Eyeball is too short and lens can’t get thick enough to focus light from nearby objects
  • Converging lens bends rays so they come together before reaching the retina (positive meniscus)

Filler between dermal and vascular tissues (most of plant). Make nutrients through photosynthesis, store carbohydrates in roots and provides storage and support in the stems.

Transports water, minerals and other substances around plant. Water and nutrients are absorbed by roots and sugars made in leaves are delivered to cells through the plant.

  • Glass core surrounded by a glass covering with a lower index of refraction
  • Signals aren’t affected by electrical storms, carry more signals over a longer distance, smaller and lighter and faster

Change shape by shortening or lengthening

  • Near sightedness, eye cannot focus on further objects
  • Eyeball is too long and lens can’t get thin enough to focus light from further objects
  • Diverging lens spreads rays before the reach the year (negative meniscus)

BIOLOGY

NERVOUS

TISSUE

Cells line up and are attached to the bone, allowing body to move. Found in legs, lower abdomen, and back

Cells are tapered at both ends, contract slowly and can be sustained for a long time. Found in blood vessels, and walls of internal organs

  • Convex
  • Thickest in the middle and causes parallel light rays to come together towards a common point

Stem Cells and Vision Defects:

Stem cell: Unspecialized cells that can produce various types of cells

Strategies for using stem cells to treat eye diseases (eg: hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism) take advantage of the properties of stem cells to regenerate damaged cells within the eye to either make the eye longer or shorter depending on what defects the eye has.

CLIMATE CHANGE

3. CARDIAC MUSCLE

Shimmering and Transfer of Heat in the Atmosphere:

Shimmering is caused by refraction of light in unevenly heated air.

In the atmosphere, cooler air is denser and rises, while warm air is less dense and falls in.

There is no boundary between cold and warm air so light doesn’t bend but travels along a curved path. Air always moves but refraction changes which causes shimmering.

Nuclei branched unevenly and are between cells. Contracts as a unit and only found in heart

Made of neurons. Coordinate body actions through impulses that travel throughout the body. Some relay signals from muscles to glands, others detect information from their environment and trigger responses.

2.DIVERGING LENS

ASTIGMATISM

Refracted Ray: The ray that is bent upon entering a second medium

Angle of Refraction: Angle between the normal and refracted ray

2. FAT

THE STEM

EPIDERMAL TISSUE (EPIDERMIS)

SNELL'S LAW

TISSUE

THE EYE

Describing Refraction

THE CRITICAL ANGLE

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

Large tightly packed cells found under skin and around organs. Used for energy storage and insulation (warmth)

FEMALE PART

Blurred/distorted vision caused by incorrectly shaped cornea that is oval instead of round

Thin layer of cells covering all non-woody surfaces of plant

DERMAL TISSUE

THE FLOWER

  • Concave
  • Thinnest in the middle and causes parallel light rays to spread away from a common point

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

STOMATE

Outermost layer of plant

Group of cells that function together to perform a specialized task

Ground tissue gives physical support and vascular tissues transports waters, nutrients and sugars. Epidermal tissue provides protective layer, covered by a waxy cuticle.

Tiny openings under the leaf that allow water vapour, carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and exit leaves. Surrounded by guard cells that opens and closes it.

Pistil (Stigma, style, ovary)

Eggs located in ovary

Strengthen, support and connect cells and tissues

RULES

3. BLOOD

All tissues are formed from groups of meristematic cells found in the tips of roots and shoots and in the stem found in plant cells.

  • Angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of ninety degrees
  • Angle of refraction continues to increase as angle of incidence increases
  • Eventually the angle of refraction will be ninety degrees and no light will pass into the air

Uses index of refraction to calculate angle of a refracted ray

N1sin1 = n2sin2

PERIDERM TISSUE

Specialized leaf from meristematic tissue.

Accomplish pollination (sexual reproduction) using the wind (make plain flowers) and animals or insects (make more elaborate flowers) because their colour and scent attracts insects/animals to pick up pollen from the male part

  • Red blood cells (transport nutrients and oxygen)
  • white blood cells (attack bacteria and viruses)
  • Plasma (protein rich liquid
  • Platelets (help clotting)

The layer of tissue that produces bark on stem and roots in woody plants.

MALE PART

1. BONE

1. Incident ray, refracted ray and the normal all lie on the same plane

2. The refracted ray bends towards the normal when light travels from fast to slow speed. The refracted ray bends

away from the normal

when light travels from

slow to fast speed

Cells surrounded by calcium hardened tissue containing blood vessels

Stamen (Filament and anther) Produces pollen

Phenomenon where incident light is entirely reflected back from boundary (no refraction occurs)

A transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract

CELL SPECIALIZATION

Bending of light rays as they pass between two different medias

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium

PLANT TISSUES

ANIMAL TISSUES

REGENERATION

DIGESTION

Process by which cells develop from similar cells develop to perform specific functions

Process by which body parts are regrown

TWO CONDITIONS

Lenses have two sides that can be plane, concave or convex

N = C/V or

N = sinangleI / sinangleR

N- index of refraction

C- speed of light in vacuum

V- speed of light in medium

LEAVES

1. Light must be travelling from a slower to faster medium

2. Angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle so that no refraction into the second medium occurs

Organs forming digestive system mechanically and chemically break down food making nutrients molecule cells can absorb

  • Direction and speed of light changes when it refracts
  • Different media slow light down by different amounts; the more light slows down the more it is refracted

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

CAUSES OF CANCER

TISSUES

TAP ROOTS

VIRTUAL IMAGE

FIBROUS ROOTS

Stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form

Applications: Convenience store mirrors

Reach deeper for water

1. Epidermis – Prevents bacteria. Viruses from entering and makes vitamin D when exposed to the sun.

2. Dermis – Inner layer; made of connective, nervous, muscle tissues. Blood vessels that dilate when hot to release heat, release sweat, layers of fat – insulation, nerves sense pain, cold, heat, pressure

Provide a larger surface area

1. Mutation – A random change in the DNA of the cell. Mostly results in cell death but the ones that survive become cancerous.

2. Carcinogen –

Environmental factors

such as uv rays,

x rays, tobacco smoke,

and chemicals.

METASTATIS

MERISTEMATIC CELLS

Process in which cancer cells break away from the original tumour and establishing another tumour elsewhere.

  • Tissues perform photosynthesis. Vascular tissue carry water from roots, and transport sugars to the rest of the plant.
  • Carbon dioxide enters, and oxygen and water exits through openings called stomata.
  • Most of the leaf is made of mesophyll tissue (ground tissue) where photosynthesis happens.

CANCER SCREENINGS

An image formed by rays that appear to be coming from a certain position but actually aren’t. Imagine cannot

be projected on

a screen.

SKIN

TYPES

Undifferentiated plant cells that can divide and differentiate to form specialized cells. Found in areas of active growth (Tips of roots and shoots, layer of stem called cambium)

HUMAN PERCEPTION OF LIGHT

Checking for cancer even

when there are no symptoms

THE CELL CYCLE

INDEX OF REFRACTION

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Extending rays that reach the eye behind the mirror helps determine where object is seen

CONVEX MIRROR

MALIGNANT

INTERPHASE

1. PAP Test – Testing for cervical cancer in women

2. PSA Test – Testing for prostate cancer in men

Longest stage in which cell performs normal routines for growth.

First Growth Phase (G1)

Cell produces proteins and organelles

Tumour interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells because it produces more waste, needs more nutrients and expands.

Synthesis (S)

Cell makes copy of DNA and proteins

Second Growth Phase (G2)

Cell produces organelles needed for cell division

LUNGS

BENIGN

Largest organ in body

  • Protects inner cells
  • Defends against disease
  • Insulates
  • Releases heat
  • Excretes body waste

LAWS OF REFLECTION

Reflecting surface curves outwards

Tumour doesn’t affect surrounding cells.

TRANSMISSION

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

THE ROOTS

SCANNING

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

MITOSIS

DNA in the nucleus is divided

THE HEART

Prophase

  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • Spindle fibers form

Telophase

Metaphase

  • Chromosomes get less coiled and harder to see
  • Spindle fibers disappear
  • Cytoplasm is divided into two Membranes form around two new cells
  • Nucleolus appears
  • Chromosomes align along the center of the cells
  • Centrioles reach opposite poles
  • Spindle fibers stretch from centrioles to centromere of chromosomes

Anaphase

Passes beam of electrons through thin slices of material

  • Centromeres break apart into 2 chromosomes
  • Spindle fibers retract, pulling one chromatid to each end of the cell

CENTROMERE

Provides information about surface of samples

CYTOKINESIS

The structure that holds the sister chromatids together as chromosomes

Cytoplasm divides to form two identical cells.

TUMOUR

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal always lie on the same plane

2. The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Ring of proteins around middle of cell contracts and two identical daughter cells form.

Golgi body produces vesicles that carry materials to make a new cell wall. Vesicles form cell wall between nucleus and old cell wall. Cytoplasm is divided into two.

Muscular pump that supplies blood to the whole body. 4 chambers:

1. Left and right atria

2. Left and right ventricles

Mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function.

Incident Ray: Ray of light that travels from light source towards a surface

Reflected Ray: Ray that bounces off the reflective surface

Pair of organs involved in respiration. Allow you to breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

1. Connective tissue

2. Epithelial tissue

SISTER CHROMATID

LOW FIELD OF

VIEW

CANCER

One of two identical strands of DNA that make up the chromosomes.

HIGH FIELD OF VIEW

BLOOD FLOW & DIAGRAM

  • Anchor plant
  • Absorbs water/minerals by root hairs
  • Store food, energy &

nutrients

  • Have meriste-

matic, ground &

vascular tissue

Measured with a ruler on microscope; count spaces you see in mm and count halves as well.

CELL DIVISION

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPES

Measures diameter; convert mm to micrometers, equation:

Unspecialized cells that can produce various types of cells. When it divides, daughter cells can develop into different cells depending on what part of the DNA is switches on inside each cell.

DIAGRAM

Chromosomes condense and are copied into two identical chromatids

Use beam of electrons instead of light

IMAGES IN PLANE MIRRORS

CHROMOSOMES

Highly condensed DNA

REFRACTION

ANIMAL ORGANS

PROBLEM

A group of diseases in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably as a result of a change in the DNA that controls the cell

cycle. One or more

checkpoints in the

cell cycle fail, so

the cell divides

uncontrollably.

LENSES

1. Embryonic: Made from embryos and can become any type of cell through differentiation

2. Tissue (Adult): Only become certain limited types of cells, usually involved in repairing damaging tissues

EMBRYOS

Created when eggs are fertilized in lab. 5 days after fertilization, the mass of new stem cells are multiplied into millions of healthy step cells in a lab disk.

As cells grow, there is less surface area per unit of volume. Cell needs enough surface area to

service its volume.

Object: Actual thing placed in front of the mirror

Image: Likeness seen in mirror

Necroris – Cell death as a result of injury or death. (Sunburn)

Apoptosis – Controlled cell death of cells that are no longer useful.

Applications:

Car headlights

Angles of Incidence: Angle between the incident ray and the normal

Angle of Reflection: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal

Field of View: View you actually see when you look through a microscope

Magnification: Power of the objective lens multiplied by the power of the ocular lens.

CONCAVE MIRROR

SOLUTION

When cell reaches a certain size, it divides to make smaller cells.

MICROSCOPY

Mirror: Any polished surface reflecting an image

Reflection: The bouncing back of light from a surface

Normal: A line that is perpendicular to a surface where a ray of light meets the surface

Plane Mirror: Flat Mirror

PLANT ORGANS

Reflecting surface curves inward

Images appear distorted

ORGANS

Reproduction of an object through the use of an optical device like a mirror

The science of using microscopes to view objects or

samples.

CANCER

STEM CELLS

SALT

CURVED MIRRORS

DIAGRAM

IMAGE

THE CELL CYCLE

S: Same size

A: Same distance from mirror

L: Same orientation as object

T: Virtual image

Size: Same/larger/smaller than image

Attitude: Upright or inverted

Location: Closer/farther than or same distance as object in mirror

Type: Real or virtual

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Diffusion – Movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration

Concentration – Amount of substance present in a given volume.

GAS EXCHANGE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Heart, blood, blood vessels.

Transports oxygen through the body and carries away waste, moves nutrients from intestine to the rest of the body, blood regulates body temperature and carries disease fighting white cells.

Heart contracts and pushes blood through the body and the valves don’t let it go backwards.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THE SHOOTS

Diffusion allows oxygen to enter blood and carbon dioxide to leave

THE ROOTS

MIRRORS

BIOLOGY

BLOOD VESSELS

PLANT VS ANIMAL CELLS

  • A tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
  • Absorption of nutrients

THE CELL THEORY

MAGNIFICATION

MICROSCOPES

  • Everything about the ground
  • Supports plant, performs photosynthesis and transports sap

  • Everything below the ground
  • Takes water & minerals from the soil and transports them to the shoots

1. Arteries – Carry oxygenated blood away from heart (great pressure)

2. Veins – Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (low pressure)

3. Capillaries – Enable exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between blood and body tissues

ANIMAL CELLS

Centriole: Pair of structures involved in cell division

Vacuoles: Store nutrients, wastes and other substances used by cell

PLANT CELLS

Cell Wall: Rigid frame around plant that provides strength, support and protection

Chloroplast: Green substance that contains chlorophyll which is used for photosynthesis

Central Vacuole: Stores water and swells when water enters, making the plant firm

Cell

Membrane: Semi

permeable barrier around

cell

Chromosomes: Coiled DNA

Cytoplasm: Inside of cell where organelles are suspended

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry materials through cell

Golgi Apparatus: Packages proteins made from the ER and delivers them around cell

Mitochondrian: Supplies energy to cell

Nucleus: Controls

cell functions

Ribosomes: Assemble

proteins

CELLS

Made up of nose, mouth, trachea,

bronchi, lungs.

Obtains oxygen &

releases carbon

dioxide.

ABSORPTION

1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Process where broken down food passes through wall of intestine into bloodstream

MOVING WATER

The measure of how much larger or smaller an image is compared to itself

  • HO and HI are positive when measured upward from the principal axis and negative when measured downwards.
  • Magnification is positive for upright images and negative for inverted images.

M= hi (height of image) /

ho (height of object)

M= di (distance of image) /

do (distance of object)

1. Air enters through the nose, pharynx and down the trachea

2. Trachea splits into two bronchi which deliveres air to lungs

3. Epithelial cells in trachea and bronchi make mucus and have cilia

4. Each bronchi branch out again twice, and end in alveoli

ALVEOLUS

MOVING WATER

Transpiration pulls water up xylem

Cohesion: Ability of water molecules to cling to each other. Pulls water molecules up xylem to leaves.

Adhesion: Tendancy of water molecules to stick to surfaces. Helps water to stick to xylem walls and not flow downwards.

FATE OF A MEAL

  • Root hairs (extensions of epidermal cells of root that increase surface area) transport water in roots through osmosis (diffusion on a water level)
  • Water enters xylem and is transported up

Tiny air sac in lungs where gas exchange takes place between air and blood where gas exchange takes place

Umbra: Darkest part of shadow (all light rays are blocked)

Penumbra: Brightest part of shadow (partial shadow within a shadow)

Small Light: Casts a sharp, well defined shadow

Large Light: Casts a shadow with blurred edges

1. Teeth mechanically break down food, saliva lubricates food and chemically breaks down starch in the mouth.

2. After the food is swallowed it goes through the pharynx and then the esophagus.

3. The esophagus moves food along using peristalis.

4. The food is churned and mixed with gastric juices with enzymes to break down proteins in the stomach.

5. At the bottom of the stomach, the contents are released into the small intestine.

6. In the duodenum, ducts connect it to the pancreas, liver and gall bladder which secrete more enzymes.

7. Then, millions of villi maximize the surface area where the absorption of nutrients in the blood takes place.

8. The large intestine absorbs water, vitamins, salts and eliminates undigested food through the anus as feces.

LIGHT

REFLECTING

LIGHT OFF SURFACES

RAY DIAGRAM

PLANT CELLS

CELL

Store energy as starch or oils

Transparent: Transmits nearly all incident light (see-through)

Translucent: Transmits some incident light but absorbs or reflects the rest

Opaque: Doesn’t transmit any incident light, only absorbs and reflects

WAVE MODEL OF LIGHT

Drawing that shows light path with arrow after it leaves the source

VELOCITY

frequency x wavelength

DIAGRAM

The only form of energy that can travel through empty space (doesn’t need a medium)

Behaves as an electromagnetic wave and is transferred through radiation and involves movement of energy from one point to another

Speed of light: 3x10 8 m/s

PRISM

1. Regular Reflection

Reflection off of a smooth surface (mirror,water)

Angles of incidence and angles of reflection are each identical and parallel

2. Diffuse Reflection

Reflection of light off an irregular/dull surface (water with waves, crumpled aluminum foils)

Angles of incidence and angles of reflection are each different and non-parallel

SHADOW

Medium: Any physical substance through which energy can be transferred

Radiation: A method of energy transfer that doesn’t require a medium (energy travels at the speed of light)

Electromagnetic Radiation: A wave that has both electric and magnetic parts (doesn’t require a medium and travels at the speed of light)

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.

HOMEOSTATIS: WORKING OUT

  • Shadows occur when an opaque object blocks direct light from a light source
  • Ray diagrams can predict the location, size, and shape of the shadows of 2 objects
  • They also show how the

size of the shadow

depends on the size of

the object blocking the

light and distance from

the light

PLANT ORGAN SYSTEMS

Wavelength: The distance from crest to crest. Measured in lambda.

Amplitude: The height of the wave from rest position to the trough or crest

Frequency: The number of wave repetitions (cycles) per second. Measured with Hertz.

ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS

Light slows down in a prism. Red light slows down the least and violet light slows down the most. Due to the fact that light travels at different speeds in a prism, they are separated into individual colours. Each colour has a different wavelength and frequency.

Red light: Longest wavelength and lowest frequency.

Violet light: Shortest wavelength and highest frequency.

GEOMETRIC OPTICS

ORGANELLE

Light travels in a straight line until it hits something

1. RADIO WAVES

WAVELENGTH VS FREQUENCY

  • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin.
  • Filters waste from blood and maintains a proper level of water and electrolytes in body.
  • Nephrons in kidneys remove waste,
  • Urine: down the ureters into bladder, down urethra, out of body

ANIMAL CELLS

1. Eukaryote – A cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

2. Prokaryote – A cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. (Bacteria)

PROPERTIES OF WAVES

Frequency is inversely related to wavelength. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases and viceversa.

LIGHT RAY

The use of light rays to determine how light behaves when it strikes an object

Specialized structure within a cell that can perform a variety of tasks.

A line in a diagram representing the direction and path the light is traveling

1. LUMINESCENCE

Integumentary: Blood vessels dilate and more blood comes to the skin surface, and releases heat which is why you look red.

Circulatory: In order to keep a steady supply of oxygen to muscles, and heart beats faster. The blood flow to other organs that aren't being used as much is reduced.

Respiratory: Breath faster because the heart beats faster. The lungs allow more air to enter.

Nervous: Stimulates increase in the heart rate. Signals tell some blood vessels to dilate, and others to reduce blood flow from certain organs.

PHYSICS

Store energy as glycogen, carbohydrates and fats

Have specialized

compounds

(cholesterol)

A disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter

  • Carry information around the world.
  • Different combinations of amplitude, frequency and wavelength are used to communicate in mines, submarines and aircrafts.
  • Used for TV and radio signals, cellphones, satellites and MRIs

Light produced by a material that hasn’t been

heated

DIAGRAM

Crest – Highest point in a wave

Trough – Lowest point in a wave

Rest position – Lowest level

of water when there

are no waves

PHOSPHORESCENCE

Ability to store energy from a light source and slowly emit it over a long period of time

(glow in the dark)

BIOLUMINESCENCE

Light that is produced by a biochemical reaction in a living organism (no heat produced)

eg: firefly

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

Light produced by a chemical reaction with little or no heat produced – “cold light” (glow sticks)

TRIBOLUMINESCENCE

Light produced from friction as a result of scratching, crushing or rubbing crystals

2. MICROWAVES

  • When heating food, they make water particles in food vibrate
  • Used for measuring the speed of automobiles, and map Earth and other objects in space

3. INFRARED WAVES

  • We experience it as heat
  • Used for burglar alarms, motion sensors, and night vision goggles

Organ systems work together to maintain acceptable physical and chemical conditions that allow organ systems to function optimally

Transverse Wave: Consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

Longitudinal Wave: The displacement of the medium is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave

4. VISIBLE LIGHT

  • Continuous sequence of colours (rainbow) that make up white light.
  • Only energy humans can see.

5. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS

  • Small amount of these rays are beneficial to health, but extended amounts can cause skin cancer
  • Used for disinfecting drinking water & DNA analysis.

5. X-RAYS

  • High energy
  • Penetrate human tissues, difficulty passing through bones
  • Used for scanning airport luggage, photographs inside machines

6. GAMMA RAYS

  • Produced by neutron stars and black holes
  • Used for sterilizing medical equipment and killing cancerous cells and maximizing healthy cells

RAY MODEL OF LIGHT

ORGAN SYSTEMS

2. INCANDESCENCE

5. ELECTRIC DISCHARGE

  • Scientists compare electromagnetic waves (light) to water
  • Electromagnetic waves involve: electric and magnetic fields

The process of producing light by passing an electric current through gas

Light emitted from a very hot object

In a light bulb, electrical energy causes the atoms within the tungsten wire to get hot and glow

Very inefficient

95% of energy is lost as heat

5% of energy is converted to light

WAVES

HOMEOSTATIS

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

LIGHT SOURCES

For all light sources, atoms absorb energy and becomes exited, when atoms relax the energy is released as light

EQUATOR

The range of electromagnetic waves arranged in the order of wavelength or frequency

CAUSED BY THE SUN

CLIMATE

1. Latitude

3. Air masses that flow over a region

THE SUN

PRODUCING VISIBLE LIGHT

  • Climate is warmed at lower altitudes
  • The equator is hotter since the sun’s rays strike the Earth at a ninety degree angle
  • The sun passes through the least amount of atmosphere

Luminous: An object that produces its own light (sun)

Non-luminous: An object that doesn’t produce its own light (tree)

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

4. FLUORESCENCE

3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

Characteristic weather patterns (temperature, wind, velocity) in a particular region averaged over at least 30 years

Determines: Types of weather expected in a specific time of year and plants/animals living in a certain area

  • Energy from the sun heats the Earth’s atmosphere creating wind
  • Water from lakes/oceans evaporates and condenses as rain and snow.
  • Ocean currents move

from the poles to the

equator and back

again

  • The emission of visible light as a result of absorption of UV light
  • Fluorescent bulb is filled with argon and mercury vapor
  • Inside tube is coated with phosphor
  • Electricity excited the mercury gas which released UV light
  • The UV light excited the phosphorus which releases visible light.
  • 5x more efficient than incandescence
  • Less heat = less waste

  • Most important factor affecting climate
  • Amount of solar radiation produced by the sun varies and a regular solar cycle occurs every 11 years
  • High number of sunspots = higher amounts of solar radiation emitted
  • Different regions receive

different direct sunlight

LED: Light produced as a result of a small amount of electric current flowing through a semiconductor

Don’t have a filament, don’t produce heat, more efficient

Semiconductor: A material that can be made to change how well it conducts electricity

WEATHER

Atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature, precipitation) in a particular region over a short period of time

SUNSPOTS

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

LIGHT

2. Elevation

THE POLES

4. Nearness to a large body of water

RADIATION

  • Climate is colder at higher altitudes
  • At the poles, rays are spread out even more and each square m of area receives even less energy
  • The sun passes through more atmosphere which absorbs/reflects some of the sun’s energy reducing the amount of energy that reaches the Earth

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

  • Based on increasing atomic number. Each element has a symbol, name, atomic number, atomic mass & ion charges

  • Elements 1-93 naturally occur

  • Remaining elements are

synthetic

CLIMATE

A form of invisible higher energy radiation

HISTORY

Period: Horizontal row (1-7)

Group/Family: Vertical column (1-18)

Earth’s surface absorbs UV and visible light and reflects lower energy infrared light into space, which is why the Earth is hot.

INFRARED RADIATION

When radiation contacts a particle:

Dimitri Mendeleev organized the elements according to atomic mass in the 1860s

THERMAL ENERGY

Energy present in the motion of particles at a particular temperature

A form of invisible lower energy radiation

BIOMES

BIOSPHERE

SNC-2D0

Thin layer of Earth that has the conditions to support all life

Large geographical area with a defined climate

HYDROSPHERE

3. The radiation may be reflected off of the particle

EARTH

1. The radiation may be absorbed causing the particle to heat up and get warm

TUNDRA

All of the water on or around Earth. Water cycle moves water and energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, energy is absorbed (cooler Earth) water vapour condenses which causes energy to get released (warmer Earth)

ATMOSPHERE

2. The radiation may be transmitted through the particle

ELEMENTS

Thin layer of gases surrounding the Earth. Reflects, absorbs or radiates energy from the sun by trapping Sun’s energy.

THE PERIODIC TABLE

GROUPS

Metals: Elements found in first 12 groups on left side. All solid (except for Hg), shiny, conduct heat/electricity, malleable, ductile

Non-metals: Elements found in groups 13-18 on the right side. All gases or solids, not shiny, poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, not ductile

Metalloids: Diagonal line in between metals and non-metals and share properties with both.

Short summer, long winter

Plants: Mosses, lichens

Animals: Polar bear, caribou

1. Alkali Metals (Silvery, soft, highly reactive)

2. Alkaline Earth Metals (Silvery, light, reactive)

3. Halogens (Non-metals, most reactive)

4. Noble gases (Colourless, odourless, least reactive)

LITHOSPHERE

STANDARD ATOMIC NOTATION

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

Made up of rocks, minerals and soil in the Earth’s crust. Absorbs high energy radiation, converts it into thermal energy and remits visible light and lower energy radiation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTY

Mass Number = Number of protons – Number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = Atomic mass – Atomic number

By: Simran Dhaliwal

  • Physical appearance/composition of a substance
  • (Colour, texture, density, boiling point, melting point, state, smell)

TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST

Atomic Number: Appears on periodic table. Tells you the number of protons and electrons an atom of an element has.

Atomic Mass: Measure of average mass of atom of element.

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

Well defined summer and winter

Plants: Grass, flowering plants

Animals: Buffalo, elk

MATTER

CHEMISTRY

Warm damp summers, mild wet winters

Plants: Coniferous trees, Douglas

Animals: Vulture, grizzly bears

BOREAL FOREST

LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS

PURE ELEMENT

CHEMICAL PROPERTY

Well defined summer and winter

Plants: Deciduous trees, grasses

Animals: Deer, rabbits

  • Ability of a substance to change into a new substance
  • (Ability to burn, reaction with water, reaction with heating)

MIXTURE

Made of only one kind of matter.

1. Element: Cannot be broken down into a simpler form (eg: H)

2. Compound: Made from two or more elements that are chemically combined together (eg: H20)

The study of the substances around us: what’s in them, what they do, uses

A combination of pure substances

1. Homogenous: Looks the same throughout, separate compounds not visible

2. Heterogeneous: Different parts of mixture are visible

A model of an atom that has the chemical symbol for the element surrounded by dots to represent the valence electrons of the element. (Group number is the number of valence electrons)

Cool summers, cold winter

Plants: Coniferous tree, lichens

Animals: Moose, hawks

CONNECTIONS

CLIMATE

CHANGE

MOUNTAIN

Anything that has mass and takes up space

PHYSICAL CHANGE

CHEMISTRY

  • Change that doesn’t produce a new substance. Many can be reversed.
  • (Melting, freezing, cutting)

Depends on altitude

Plants: Small coniferous trees, mosses, lichens

Animals: Squirrels, mountain goats

1. CATION

2. ANION

CHEMICAL

CHANGE

Positively charged ion (Atom loses electrons)

Named by keeping the same name as element.

METALS

Negatively charged ion

(Gains electrons)

Named by adding “-ide” at end NON-METALS

  • Change that produces a new substance. Most can’t be reversed.
  • (Burning paper, recharging battery)

UNPAIRED ELECTRONS

Charged particles that results when an atom gains or loses electrons.

Ions form when atoms of different elements combine with a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Ions form in a way that produces filled outer shells.

GREENHOUSE

EFFECT

Electrons in an unfilled outer shell that are not part of a pair. (More reactive and likely to bond)

IONIC SOLIDS

IONS

Made of a repeating pattern of ions. Held together by electrostatic forces of attention in a solid known as crystal lattice.

NATURAL

ACIDS AND BASES

ELECTRON PAIRS

ION NAMES

ION SYMBOLS

Naming: Write symbol of element and ion charge as superscript

When an element can only form one type of ion, the ion has the same name as the element.

Two electrons interacting in a unique way allowing them to be close together. (Less reactive)

TAKING ACTION

THE pH SCALE

BASES

ANTHROPOGENIC

ACIDS

HEAT TRANSFER

POLYATOMIC IONS

ELECTROLYTE

IONS, COMPOUNDS & MOLECULES

IONIC COMPOUNDS

A compound that separates into ions in water forming a solution that conducts electricity

MULTIVALENT METALS

INSULATION

An ion composed of one or more atoms that behaves as a single particle.

NO3, CO3, CIO3, SO4, PO4

Substances that produce H+ ions in an aqueous solution.

  • One or more ion charge
  • can form different ions

eg: Fe, Pb

PROPERTIES

Made from one or more positive metal ions and one or more negative non-metal

ions

1. Aqeous solutions of acids conduct electric current because of the ions present in the solution

2. Acids generally taste sour and turn litmus paper red

3. Acids produce H2(g) when reacted with certain metals (Fe, Zn) to produce hydrogen gas

4. Acids also react with carbonates

5. Some acids are safe to eat (citric acids) but many are not

THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER

COMBUSTION

Pure substances made of two or more chemically combined elements

1. Ionic compounds

2. Molecular compounds

POLITICAL

MITIGATION

ADAPTION

IONIC BOND

Amount of solar radiation received

by a region of Earth’s surface.

Depends on latitude,

lithosphere,

hydrosphere and

atmosphere

Movement of thermal energy from an area of high temperature to lower temperature

CHANGES AND EFFECTS

Transfer of electrons from cation to anion. This happens because the metal has a weak hold on its electrons. The non-metal has a high attraction for the electron and both need full shell.

  • pH tells you whether the solution is an acid, base or neither
  • Based on concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
  • Acids 0-6
  • Neutral 7

(water, blood)

  • Base 8-14

Natural process where gases absorb IR radiation emitted by Earth’s surface and radiate it, heating the atmosphere and the Earth.

BINARY IONIC COMPOUND

Substance that dissociates in water to produce OH-

CHEMICAL

REACTIONS

Ionic compounds composed of two different elements

NAMING

PROPERTIES

COMPOUNDS

Increased capacity of the atmosphere to absorb thermal energy due to high concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human which increases the Earth’s temperature

1. Release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

2. Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

3. Taste bitter

4. Feel slippery

5. Turn red litmus blue

Rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce oxide compounds and energy

CxHy + 02 (hydrocarbon) →

CO2 + H20

REACTIONS

1. Binary acids (hydrogen + non-metal)

Write root of the non-metal name, add prefix “hydro” to root name, add ending “ic” to root name (and acid)

eg: HBr becomes hydrobromic acid

2. Oxoacids (hydrogen, oxygen + another element or polyatomic with oxygen)

Write anion (without “-ate” or “-ite”, if anion ended with “-ate” then add “-ic”

eg: H2CrO4 becomes chromic acid

FEDERAL

PROPERTIES

1. Complete Combustion: Combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon in the presence of excess oxygen. The products are CO2(g) water and energy. The fuel burns cleanly and there is no sooty residue.

2. Incomplete Combustion: Combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon in the presence of a limites amount of oxygen. The products are CO(g), CO2(g), soot, water and energy

1. RADIATION

TYPES

3. CONVECTION

2. CONDUCTION

  • Canada joined United Nations framework convention on Climate Change to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity
  • Kyoto Protocol: Canada joined 160 countries and agreed to set a goal of 5% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2012

  • Movement of particles from one location to another (usually fluids)
  • A current/flow from one place to another in one direction

  • Emission of energy as waves
  • Radiant energy is absorbed or reflected by a particle
  • Absorbed energy increases kinetic energy and temperature

Atmosphere allows much of the high energy radiation to reach the Earth. The Earth’s surface absorbs this energy and it becomes thermal energy. Earth remits this energy as lower energy infrared energy. The atmosphere traps infrared radiation energy. About half of this energy is returned to Earth’s surface (even more heat).

1. pH Meter: Most accurate and expensive

2. pH indicator: A chemical added in small amounts to solution, show pH through the colour

3. Litmus paper: Red or blue and changes colour to show pH

4. Universal Indicator/pH Paper: Contains several pH indicators to cover the pH scale from 0-14. Produces different colours at different pH values

  • Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact without moving particles to a new location (usually solids)
  • Particles with more kinetic energy give energy to particles with less kinetic energy which increases overall heat

MOLECULES

NAMING

1. Hard, brittle solids that can be crushed at room temperature

2. Form crystals

3. High melting point

4. Conduct electricity

Develop new technologies to counteract the effects of climate change

Making something milder or less severe. Prevent more gases from going in the atmosphere.

SYNTHESIS

NEUTRALIZATION

NAMING

PROPERTIES

Ionic compound with metal and hydroxide ion

1. Cation = Same as metal

2. Anion = Ends with “-ide”

eg: Mg(OH)2 becomes

magnesium hydroxide

DISPLACEMENT

PROVINCIAL

CHANGES

PHYSICAL EFFECTS

Particle in which atoms are joined by a covalent bond

GREENHOUSE GASES

1. All chemical reactions are accompanied by a change in energy

2. Some reactions absorb or give off energy

3. Reactions happen

at different rates

Go Green: Ontario’s Action Plan on Climate Change

- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

- Improve public transit in GTA

- Encourage development of jobs related to green tech.

- Decrease use of coal-fired power plants, increase amount of electricity generated from renewable sources

- Protect green spaces and agricultural land

ATMOSPHERE

DECOMPOSITION

A process in which substances interact, causing the formation of new substances (A rearrangement of atoms)

DIATOMIC MOLECULES

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT

FLOODS

  • Water vapour
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Carbon dioxide

GLOBAL WARMING

GREENHOUSE GAS

A chemical reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a new product

A + B → AB

TYPES OF WINDS

Molecule consisting of two atoms of either the same or different elements. They come as pairs.

HOFBrINCl

WIND

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

EXAMPLE

MOLECULAR/COVALENT COMPOUND

Desertification: Process by which land dries out until little or no vegetation can survive and land becomes a desert (water shortage)

MUNICIPAL

To optimize crop yields, farmer need to supply their crops with fertilizers made with ammonia

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

The way a country produces, consumes and distributes goods and services

1. Society must reduce its energy use and find new energy sources other than fossil fuels.

2. Greenhouse gases have to be trapped or chemically converted into a non-gaseous product or chemically converted

Both methods would reduce the carbon footprint (total greenhouse gases produced directly/indirectly by individual community or industry)

1. Trade Winds: Air heats and rises which makes it less dense at the equator. Flows to poles where the cold air goes down because its more dense and it travels to the equator for heat.

2. Westerly Winds: Hot air from the equator cools and sinks and is pushed west by Coriolis effect (causing cold air to be pushed to the west)

3. Easterly Winds: At poles, sinking cold air is pushed to the west.

The reaction of an acid and a base to form a salt (ionic compound and water)

ACID + BASE → WATER + SALT

Movement of air from areas of high to low pressure. The rising and sinking masses of air in convection currents cause change in atmospheric pressure which is what creates wind.

  • Sea levels are rising twice as fast compared to the last 30 years
  • Loss of ice reduces hunting grounds

An element takes the place of another element in a compound

A + BC → AC + B

where A + B are metals

A + BC → BA + C

where A + C are

non-metals

EXAMPLE

A gas (carbon dioxide, methane) that absorbs IR radiation and prevents the escape of thermal energy.

Composed of two different non-metals. Form when atoms share a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.

When a piece of copper is placed into silver nitrate, metallic silver ions form on the copper. Solution turns blue because copper from wire dissolves in solution and displaces silver from the silver nitrate compound.

Cu(s) + 2AGNO2(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgO

ADAPTIVE

CAPACITY

  • Using hybrid buses and cars
  • Limits on water usage

THERMAL EXPANSION

Increase in the volume of a substance when it’s heated (water expands when heated, warm oceans cause sea level to rise)

A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more products

AB → A + B

JET STREAMS

CONVECTION CURRENTS

EQUATION

3. Combine ion names

eg: Sodium Chloride

EXAMPLE

High altitude winds that travel long distances at high speeds. Carry worm, moist air producing precipitation/dry air causing dry weather

Circular currents in air/fluids caused by rising of warm fluids as cold fluids sink. Transfer thermal energy from areas of net radiation budget surplus to areas of net radiation budget deficit,

1. Name metal ion (element name) – If element is multivalent, roman numeral must be included.

eg: Sodium

Electrolysis: A decomposition reaction that breaks down water and can make hydrogen gas

2H2O (l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

2. Name non-metal ion. Change ending to –ide.

eg: Chlorine becomes Chloride

  • Capabilities of a region, community or group to implement adaption strategies
  • Developing countries can’t afford to manage impacts so they need money from other countries

THE CURIOLIS EFFECT

Deflection of any object from a straight line path by rotation of Earth. This causes wind to turn right in the Northern hemisphere and left in the Southern hemisphere. If the Earth wasn’t spinning, there would be continuous convection between the poles.

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT

REACTANT

PRODUCT

Greenhouse Gas Sources: Processes that add greenhouse gases to atmosphere

Greenhouse Gas Sinks: Processes that absorb greenhouse gases from atmosphere

Yields/reacts to produce

A chemical that is produced during a reaction

A chemical on the left side of the equation that gets used up during a reaction

MELTING ICE

IMPORTANT TERMS

EARTH'S ALBEDO

The pits in the lining of your stomach secrete HCI. Excess acid production causes a burning sensation. Antacids contain Mg(OH)2 and neutralize stomach acid.

2HCI(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) →

2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)

STORM INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY

The positive ions of two compounds change places and form two new compounds. Often results in the product of an insoluble solid or precipitation.

AB + CD → AD + CB

A and C are cations

B and D are anions

Glaciers are melting, many people depend on them for water

PROPERTIES

EXAMPLE

COVALENT BOND

BUSINESSES/INDUSTRIES

POSITIVE FOODBACK LOOP

When a yellow aqeous solution of potassium chromate is added to a colourless aqeous solution of silver nitrate, a red precipitate of silver chromate is formed.

3AgNo2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) →

AgCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq)

Fraction of light reflected by the surface of Earth back into space

The ocean reflects 7% of solar energy

Fresh ice and snow can reflect up to 90%

A sequence of events that cycles back to one of the earlier events and increases income

The average net radiation of Earth is 0 before the industrial revolution.

1. SO2

Every year, flooding, heavy rains and winds cause extensive damage to buildings, bridges, roads (hurricanes form over tropical oceans)

Bond that results from sharing of outer electrons between non-metals.

  • In a covalent bond, the shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms.
  • The attraction holds the atoms together

1. Soft and have varying degrees of solubility in water

2. Do not conduct electricity

3. Lower melting points than ionic compounds

SO2 from industrial processes (ore smelting) and car engines react with water to form sulfuric acid

SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq)

EXAMPLE

Global warming:

Observed, increase in Earth’s average annual temperature

Climate Change:

Significant long term change in expected climate patterns

LIMING

  • Temperature gets hotter
  • Ice and snow melt
  • Reveal more soil
  • Lowers albedo because soil absorbs greenhouse gases
  • Temperatures get hotter, more ice and snow melt

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

NET RADIATION BUDGET

CARBON OFFSETS

EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE

COMPUTER MODELS

2. NOx

Calcium hydroxide is added to lakes in large amounts to neutralize acid and raise pH.

Cons

Temporary solution, expensive and must be repeated over time since pH drops again with new snowfall.

Plants and animals are sensitive to calcium levels.

NATURAL ACIDITY

ACID PRECIPITATION

PROXY RECORDS

  • The difference between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation.
  • Some of the Sun’s radiation is reflected back into space and some is re-emitted from Earth’s surface as infrared radiation.

NOx is a general formula used to represent a number of nitrogen oxides most of which are produced by cars that burn gas

3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

  • Society must reduce its overall energy use and find new ways to produce/store energy that don’t involve fossil fuels
  • Greenhouse gases generated by industries must be removed from waste products and converted chemically to a sequestered/non-gaseous product (stored permanently)
  • Reduce carbon footprint
  • Design energy efficient items
  • Build wind turbines

NAMING

SUN'S RADIATION

Home territories of plants/animals are changing, migration changes, & grey jays hound food to survive the winter and warmer winters make the supplies rot.

  • Don’t run out or use greenhouse gases.
  • (Wind, sunlight, falling water, and ocean tides)

Rain, hail or fog with a pH of less than normal rain (ph 5.6)

Co2 in the air dissolves in water forming carbonic acid

CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2Co3(aq)

Carbon offsets allow people to compensate for their greenhouse gas emissions by contributing money to improve a carbon sink

30% reflected back into space

30% absorbed by atmosphere

40% warms earth which is reflected back to atmosphere as IR

Involve mathematical equations that describe interactions in the physics, biology, and chemistry of Earth’s climate system. After scientists confirm that a model is usable, they run it to make climate predictions.

EQUATIONS

Stores of information in tree rings, fossil fuels and ice that can be measured to give hints about what the climate was like in the past

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

CARBON

TAX

AEROSOL POLLUTION

5 - Penta

6 - Hexa

7 - Hepta

8 - Octa

9 - Nona

CARBON

FOOTPRINT

Use prefixes in front of atoms,

Add "-ide" to ending of second atom

1 - Mono

2 - Di

3 - Tri

4 - Tetra

eg: SO2 becomes sulfur dioxide

FORMS OF EQUATIONS

TREE RINGS

EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE

CONSERVATION OF MASS

The total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, community, industry, or country.

Scientists have known that aerosols in the atmosphere (generated by burning fossil fuels, and forest fires) have a cooling effect

Causes & Cleaning Up

Nature removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it in plants, soil, and the oceans, both in algae and dissolved in the water itself.

A charge to an individual or company for creating greenhouse gas emissions.

HYDROSPHERE

Balanced Equation

RUNAWAY POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

1. A precipitate is formed

2. A gas is formed

3. A change of colour

4. New odor

5. Change in temperature

6. Light might be produced

State Symbol: Indicates physical state of the chemical at room temperature

Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g) Aqueous (aq)

Coefficients: Number in front of a formula in a balanced equation to show how many units of a substance is involved in the chemical reaction. Can change.

Subscript: Numbers in small font after an atom to indicate how many atoms are present within a particular compound. Can’t change.

1. Word Equations: Describe chemical reactions using names of reactants and products

No state symbols, element symbols or quantities

2. Skeleton Equation: Using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products. Not a complete equation since coefficients aren’t balanced

3. Balanced Chemical Equations: Demonstrates the law of conservation of mass (Same number of atoms on both side)

TYPES OF INFORMATION

Tell us past climates few 100 years ago

Wide Rings: Cool, wet weather (fast growth)

Narrow Rings: Hot dry weather (slow growth)

Light Rings: Spring growth

Dark rings: Late summer

growth

CONFIDENCE LEVEL

"CAP & TRADE"

EMISSIONS TRADING

OCEAN CURRENTS

In a chemical reaction, atoms are conserved. Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed.

Properties of

products are

different from

properties of

reactants.

LAW OF CONSERVATION MASS

Thermal energy released when water is a liquid and turns into a solid. (warming climate)

Thermal energy absorbed when water is a solid and turns into a liquid which causes a cooling climate.

Driven by the wind. The energy from wind transfers to water causing it to move. Oceam absorbs energy from the sun and the movement of water transfers heat around Earth. Ocean currents bring warm water to poles. Water gets colder and salty making it the most dense ocean water so it sinks to ocean floor at poles. They also bring cool water to the equator.

1. Particles in the ice: Ash, dust, pollen that give information on volcanic eruptions, forest fires and plants.

2. Physical properties of ice: Hail and snowflakes. Gives clues about temperature or humidity when the ice was formed.

3. Trapped Air Bubbles: Gives information about atmospheric compositions and amount of greenhouse gases

4. Ice Composition: Isotope analysis. Each isotope gives information about global temperature.

PHYSICS

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is always the same as total mass of the reactants

WARMING OCEANS/OCEAN CURRENTS

A government may decide on the maximum amount of carbon dioxide that each company can emit. If a company reduces its emissions by more than the government limit, it can trade this “extra” amount to other companies that have exceeded their maximums.

Positive feedback loop that seems to speed up with each cycle

The IPCC uses the rating scale to communicate its level of confidence in each event in their climate change models. Through statistical and other methods, each type of data analysis can be given a particular confidence level

CHEMISTRY

INDIVIDUALS

THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

GREAT OCEAN CONVEYOR BELT

3D pattern of ocean circulation driven by heat, wind and salinity

North Atlantic to South Pacific oceans

ICE CORES

  • Water can move vertically and horizontally; differences in density drives the thermohaline circulation creates a global system of thermal energy distribution (cold water is dense and sinks and warm water goes to the surface)
  • Global warming increases ice melt and reduces salinity of polar water and increase evaporation and make tropical water more saline. If polar water was less saline/dense it wouldn’t sink and would no longer drive thermohaline circulation. It won’t sink.
  • Changes in ocean patterns affect all living things because upwelling bring nutrients from the ocean floor to the surface.

A long cylinder of ice obtained by drilling a hole in a glacier that tells us climates from

1000 years ago

Chemical Reactions and Chemiluminescence:

A chemical reaction is a process in which substances interact, causing the formation of new substances (A rearrangement of atoms).

One piece of evidence of a chemical reaction is that light may be produced and a change in energy/heat will occur.

Chemiluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction with little or no heat produced: “cold light” (glow sticks).

CHANGES IN ECO-SYSTEMS

Proxy Records and Protons/Neutrons:

Ice cores (a type of proxy record) give information about previous climates. The ice composition gives an isotope analysis. An isotope is any of 2 or more forms of a chemical element having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or atomic number, but having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus, or atomic weight. Each isotope gives information about global temperature during the time of the ice formation.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

  • Buy energy efficient appliances so that generated electricity could come from sources that don’t emit greenhouse gases
  • Setting the AC higher so less electricity needs to be used
  • Buy locally grown products (transportation)
  • Carbon tax
  • Home energy audits and home retrofit rebates in homes for less wasted energy
  • Hybrid cars

  • Wetlands are marshes, bogs, fens and swamps
  • Store and filter water and habitats for plants that remove CO2 from the air
  • Lower water levels in Great Lakes dry out wetlands

  • Temperature will bring longer growing seasons, famers increase crop yields
  • Northwest Passage shipping route will be free of ice, reducing cost

BIOLOGY

Neutralization and the Digestive System

Neutralization: The reaction of an acid and a base to form a salt and water

The pits in the lining of your stomach secrete HCI. Excess acid production causes a burning sensation. Antacids contain Mg(OH)2 and neutralize stomach acid.

2HCI(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)

PHYSICS

CLIMATE CHANGE

pH Scale and Ocean Acidification:

The pH Scale tells us whether the solution is an acid, base or neither and is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.

Acids: 0-6 Neutral: 7 Base: 8-14

Surface ocean ph has dropped from 8.2 and become acidic because oceans dissolve more CO2 from atmosphere. This causes carbonic acid (H2CO2) to form in oceans lowering pH and destroying coral.

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

Heat Transfer and Electromagnetic Radiation:

Electromagnetic radiation is a part of the wave model of light. It is a wave that has both electric and magnetic parts (doesn’t require a medium and travels at the speed of light).

During the day, the sun radiates light and heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation. We can think of the sun's radiation (or insolation) as a stream of radiation which contains energy that can be converted to heat when it strikes the Earth's surface.

BIOLOGY

  • Surface ocean ph has dropped
  • Oceans dissolve more CO2 from atmosphere, carbonic acid H2CO2 forms in oceans lowering pH and destroying coral

Hydrosphere and Integumentary System:

When water evaporates, energy is absorbed which causes a cooling effect in the hydrosphere.

When the body is hot the skin turns red because blood vessels in circulatory system dilate so excess heat can be released into the environment. The sweat leaves your skin through tiny holes called pores. When the sweat hits the air, the air makes it evaporate. As the sweat evaporates off your skin, you cool down.

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