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The greatest problem of India was the co-existence of the Muslim and Hindu communities. Gandhi's idea was to create a single State where both communities could live together. Muslims wanted, on the contrary, the partition of the country into two States: a Hindu State and a Muslim one. In 1947, the British allowed the birth of the two new States: the Indian Union, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, a Muslim State. Later, in 1971, the East side of Pakistan gained independence as well, becoming the well known Bangladesh. Despite this, the two countries kept fighting each other because of the cruel episodes that happened in those years. Gandhi himself was murdered in 1948 by a Hindu fanatic. Decolonisation of the Indian continent ended in 1948 with the independence of Ceylon Island, now Sri Lanka

Antonio Desideri - Giovanni Codovini, Storia e Storiografia per la scuola del terzo millennio. Clil in Inglese per il secondo anno del secondo biennio, G. D'Anna, Firenze, 2015

Antonio Desideri - Giovanni Codovini, Storia e Storiografia per la scuola del terzo millennio. Clil in Inglese per il quinto anno, G. D'Anna, Firenze, 2015

Camilla Bianco - Jean-Marie Schmitt (a cura di), Clil History in English 2, Bruno Mondadori, Milano, 2015

Camilla Bianco - Jean-Marie Schmitt (a cura di), Clil History in English 3, Bruno Mondadori, Milano, 2015

Gianni Gentile - Luigi Ronga - Anna Rossi, Millennium Corso di storia per il secondo biennio e il quinto anno Clil, Editrice La Scuola, Milano, 2015

Annalisa Bianco - Eileen Mulligan, Clil History Activities per il V anno, Laterza, Bari, 2013

After World War 2, France and England started losing their colonies all around the world. This happened for at least four different reasons

A.S. 2016/2017

4. THE ABANDONMENT OF POLITICAL CONTROL

1. THE WEAKNESS OF THE MOTHERLANDS

Classe III Sezione G

Maintaining economic control over the colonies was more convenient for the European powers than maintaining political control. That's why most of the colonial nations preferred abandoning it in favor of a special economic relationship with their former colonies. Scholars refer to this new form of colonialism using the term neo-colonialism.

After WW2, even though France and England had won, the two countries emerged much weaker. For this reason, their control on the colonies started being less strong.

3. GREAT EXPENSE FOR MOTHERLANDS

2.THE PREVIOUS MOVEMENTS OF INDEPENDENCE

Maintaining the colonies meant a great expense of economic and political sources. This situation became even more serious when the independence movements started.

The first movements of independence started between the two wars, making WW2 the element that generalised that situation and that increased nationalistic feelings of the people in the colonies that led to the desire of independence.

Camilla Palmerio

Pierpaolo Ciampa

Emilia De Donatis

Camilla Di Santo

Paolo Gabriele

Stefano Tomassoni

THE DECOLONISATION OF THE MIDDLE EAST

Syria

Lebanon

In the early decades of the Twentieth Century an Arab National Movement developed firstly against the Ottoman domination and then against the colonial powers.

After the First World War France was given a mandate over Syria and Lebanon, Great Britain over Iraq and Palestine, in order to move these countries towards the independence. Iraq achieved it in 1932. In 1946 British pressure led France to formally recognise the independence of Lebanon and Syria and withdraw its troops definitively.

Iraq

Palestine

By the time armistice agreements were signed in 1949, Israel held more land than had been allotted to it under the UN partition plan. About 800,000 Arabs had also fled or been expelled from the area that became Israel. Thus, 50 years after the first Zionist congress and 30 years after the Balfour Declaration, Zionism achieved its aim of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, but at the same time, it became an armed camp surrounded by hostile Arab nations, and Palestinian organizations engaged in terrorism in and outside Israel.

During the next two decades Zionist organizations in many countries continued to raise financial support for Israel and to encourage Jews to immigrate there. Most Jews, however, reject the view propagated by some very Orthodox Jews in Israel that the Jews outside Israel were living in “exile” and could live a full life only in Israel.

Upon the outbreak of World War I, political Zionism reasserted itself, and its leadership passed to Russian Jews living in England. Balfour Declaration from Great Britain (November 2, 1917) promised British support for the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine. The declaration was included in Britain’s League of Nations mandate over Palestine (1922).

The strain of suppressing the Arab revolt of 1936–39, which was more extensive and sustained than earlier uprisings, ultimately led Britain to reassess its policies. In hopes of keeping the peace between Jews and Palestinian Arabs and retaining Arab support against Germany and Italy in World War II, Britain placed restrictions on Jewish immigration in 1939. The new restrictions were violently opposed by Zionist underground groups such as the Stern Gang and Irgun Zvai Leumi, which committed acts of terrorism and assassination against the British and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

1947-49

1925

ZIONISM

1949

1936-39

1917

The large-scale extermination of European Jews by the Nazis led many Jews to seek refuge in Palestine and many others, especially in the United States, to embrace Zionism. As tensions grew among Arabs and Zionists, Britain submitted the Palestine problem first to Anglo-U.S. discussion for a solution and later to the United Nations, which on November 29, 1947, proposed partition of the country into separate Arab and Jewish States and the internationalization of Jerusalem. The creation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, triggered an invasion by the neighbouring Arab countries that was soundly defeated by the Israeli army. (See Arab-Israeli War of 1948–49.)

In the following years the Zionists built up the Jewish urban and rural settlements in Palestine, perfecting autonomous organizations and solidifying Jewish cultural life and Hebrew education. In March 1925 the Jewish population in Palestine was officially estimated at 108,000, and it rose to about 238,000 (20 percent of the population) by 1933. Jewish immigration remained relatively slow, however, until the rise of Hitler in Europe. Nevertheless, the Arab population feared that Palestine would eventually become a Jewish State and bitterly resisted Zionism and the British policy supporting it. British forces struggled to maintain order in the face of a series of Arab uprisings.

Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national State in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew: Eretz Yisraʾel, “the Land of Israel”). Though Zionism originated in eastern and central Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, it is in many ways a continuation of the ancient attachment of the Jews and of the Jewish religion to the historical region of Palestine, where one of the hills of ancient Jerusalem was called Zion.

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DECOLONISATION OF MAGHREB AND BLACK AFRICA

THE INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA

Algeria

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The Arabic term Maghreb means the west of the Arabian nation, that is to say the countries of north-west Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The fist Maghreb State to achieve independence was the Italian colony of Libya. In 1947, in fact, Italy was forced to renounce its possessions in Africa: Libya, Somalia and Eritrea. In 1951 Libya became independent. In 1969 a military coup led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi deposed the monarchy that ruled the country and set up a republic. Gaddafi's regime sided with the USSR, closing the British and American military bases and nationalising the foreign oil companies. In Morocco and Tunisia, France tried to control the Arab nationalist movement, alternating military repression and proposal of partial self-government. Finally in 1956 France officially granted full independence to both countries.

The independence of the country was long hindered by the French colonists who had settled there and were determined to maintain their privileges. The Algerian nationalist movement developed in the Thirties and after the WW2. From the Fifties the Algerian Nationalist Movement formed the National Liberation Front and the struggle against the French became increasingly bloody. In the battle of Algiers in 1957 the conflict reached its climax. France used all its force to destroy the NLF, with reprisals and the systematic use of torture, causing protests from much of French public opinion. In 1959 Charles De Gaulle put an end to the conflict with the recognition of Algeria's right to self-determination. This led to the formation of the French clandestine organisation OAS (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète), which wanted to stop the process of independence. Finally, in 1962 the French government recognised independence for Algeria. 800.000 Pieds-noir (French colonists) abandoned the country.

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DECOLONISATION OF SUDAN AND EGYPT

MAURITANIA

India was the centre of the British Empire.

Between the First and Second World War the demands for independence became more urgent and, for this reason, the Congress Party, representing the Hindu bourgeoisie, started a campaign to achieve this goal. Thanks to Gandhi, the protest spread all over India, involving the entire population.

Fearing that India might ally with its enemy Japan, Britain promised to grant it indipendence.

Sudan gained independence in 1956. In Egypt Nasser established a republic and decided to free itself of the influence of the colonial powers. The US reacted to president Nasser pro - Soviet politics and Nasser decided to nationalise Suez Canal. Then Israel attacked Egypt (Sinai War) whilst British and French groups occupied the Canal.

NIGER

MALI

Mohandas Karamchand "Mahatma" Gandhi was a fundamental leading figure in the Congress Party (representing the Hindu bourgeoisie in the struggle against Britain). He is famous for his doctrine of non-violence.

CHAD

SENEGAL

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DECOLONSATION OF GHANA AND GUINEA

CAMERUN

BURKINA FASO

DECOLONISATION OF ERITREA AND SOMALIA

On 6 March 1957 after peaceful negotiations Ghana became independent and in 1958 Francafrique Community was established. Also Guinea on 2 October 1958 became independent.

THE INDOCHINA WAR

NOT A PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE

In 1941, the French colony started a battle for independence led by the communist leader Ho Chi Minh. In 1945 he proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam but France did not recognise the new State, so it started dropping bombs on that territory. The French campaign was successful: the army was able to occupy again the Southern part of the country. Later, the Vietminh forces that had previously joined the League for Independence wore the French down with guerrilla actions and finally defeated them in 1954. After that, Vietnam was divided into South and North Vietnam.

THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

DECOLONISATION OF CONGO AND NIGERIA

Capital City: SAIGON

Capital city: HANOI

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Regime: CLOSE TO WESTERN POLITICS

Regime: COMMUNISM

TOGO

In the post-war years the destiny of the former Italian colony Eritrea was entrusted to the UNO. Ethiopia demanded its annexation in order to have an access to the sea. Ethiopia's claim was supported by America but the Eritrean élite rejected integration with the country. In 1950, the United Nations declared Eritrea autonomous and federated to Ethiopia. The federation lasted until 1962 when Ethiopia transformed Eritrea into a simple province of its State. The Eritrean population reacted and started a war of liberation from Ethiopian oppression. In 1991 the struggle concluded with the victory of Eritrea which won full independence.

The process of decolonisation of Somalia was less dramatic. In 1949 Italy received a UNO mandate to administer the former colony and to take it towards full independence. In 1960 Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland became independent and united to form a single State. In 1977 France Somalia also gained independence under the name of the Republic of Djibouti.

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Decolonisation of Indonesia

IVORY COAST

In 1960 Belgian Congo was independent. The movement was led by the national leader Lumumba but immediately a bloody civil war broke out and the main region of Catanga tried to achieve secession. After the death of Lumumba, the general Mobutu took power and reestablished unity.

Nigeria became independent in 1960 and after a civil war in 1967 there was the secession of Biafra.

GABON

During the Second World War Japan had occupied the Philippines and the British, French and Dutch colonies in South-East Asia. Japan's arrival represented a serious problem for Europeans because local populations saw them as saviors. When the Potsdam Conference (1945) entrusted Great Britain with the task of reaffirming the old colonial order, Indonesian nationalists claimed for independence. The Republic of United States of Indonesia was officially recognised in 1949. The United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946. Burma became independent in 1948, Malaysia in 1957.

DECOLONISATION OF KENYA AND RHODESIA

THE YEAR OF AFRICA, 1960

Before gaining independence, in 1963 Kenya suffered bloodbaths with terrorist attacks by the Mau - Mau sect against the colonists.

In 1965 the white colonists in Rhodesia broke with Great Britain and proclaimed independence. In 1980 the power returned to the black majority and the State took on the name of Zimbabwe.

DECOLONISATION OF MOZAMBIQUE AND ANGOLA

The nationalist movements of the Portuguese colonies of Angola e Mozambique were mainly of Marxist inspiration. The two colonies became independent in 1975, after democracy had been restored in Portugal.

MADAGASCAR

DECOLONISATION OF SOUTH AFRICA

In South Africa there was a regime of apartheid. The African National Congress (ANC) was led by Nelson Mandela who was arrested and imprisoned for 25 years. When president De Klerk decided to free him in 1994 Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa.

THE PROCESS OF DECOLONISATION

WHAT IS DECOLONISATION?

It is the historical process that led to the end of the colonial empires and to the independence of peoples of Africa and Asia. It started in the inter-war years and it continued after the World War 2.

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