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The History of Architecture in Alexandria

Architecture and History

  • Architecture reflects history
  • Structures give a wonderful insight into life and culture of past and present
  • Observing different architectural structures and studying their significance will help understand the history of Alexandria.

356 BC: Alexander the Great is Born

March 30 2015: Two policemen are injured in bombing

619-628 AD: Persian Invasion

  • Founder of Alexandria
  • Born in Macedon
  • Entrusted the design and planning of Alexandria to Dinocrates, a Greek architect

415 AD: Murder of Hypatia of Alexandria

500 AD: Kom El Dikka is renovated

1987: Project to excavate, restore and preserve Anfushi begins

332 BC: The City of Alexandria is founded

  • Alexandria is a natural harbour which is a great advantage!

48 BC: Beginning of civil wars from Caesar's conquest

313 AD: Edict of Milan

642 AD: Alexandria is captured by Arabians

32 BC: Suicide of Cleopatra and Marc Antony. End of the Ptolemaic period

285-246 BC: Ptolemy II Philadelpheus

246-221 BC: Ptolemy III Euergetes I

306-282 BC: Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemaic Period

0

1000 AD

Present Day

Pharos: The Lighthouse of Alexandria

500 AD

356 BC

  • One of the 7 wonders of the world, was commissioned by Ptolemy I Soter and designed by Sostratos of Cnidus (Greek)
  • not a surviving structure
  • "It's purpose is to provide a beacon for ships sailing by night and to warn them of shallows and to mark the entrance to the harbour" Pliny the Elder
  • located on Pharos island off of Alexandria
  • combines Egyptian and Hellenistic style: limestone 7marble, deities, design
  • over 400ft high and triple tiered: 1st square, 2nd octogonal, 3rd circular
  • revolutionary architecture style-became symbol of city
  • lasted over 1000 years

Qa'it Bay Fortress

Bibliotheca Alexandria

Stanley Bridge

The Museum of Alexandria

  • belonged to and controlled by the Ptolemies.
  • Erastothanes, Hypatia, Aristarchus, Aristophanes...etc studied at the museum.
  • modelled after a museion-shrine for muses-translates into the seat of the muses
  • purpose: learning, promotes scholarly activity
  • large complex containing lecture halls, observatories, a zoo, dining rooms (very much Greek, similar to today's universities)
  • attracted people from all over the world to come study and live in Alexandria, increase in population
  • mainly Hellenistic design, with some Egyptian architecture
  • became symbol and value of city
  • Commissioned by Mameluke Sultan Al-Ashraf al-Din Qa'it Bay
  • 15th century fortress, Arabian conquest in Alexandria
  • built on the Pharos' original location, ideal location
  • guard citadel and trade routes belonging to Sultan
  • Islamic fortification- 4 round corner turrets, large central square tower, box machiolations and gun loops
  • compare with mosque structure
  • The Islamic conquest left a huge imprint on Alexandria.
  • Islamic style can be found throughout the city.
  • Alexandrian multi-cultural characteristic
  • Commissioned by Egyptian government in 21st century
  • evidence of similar project in ancient times
  • decrease traffic and widen corniche
  • high density population-echo of Alexandria's history with so many people coming to study in museum and library, business from trade, glassmaking
  • neo-Islamic towers
  • traffic is an increasing problem in Alexandria
  • incorporates tourist friendly beach
  • built with a modern look to help beautify and strengthen the corniche one of Alexandria's strengths (has become a popular tourist attraction)
  • " People admired the unique quality of Alexandria and it's melding of eastern and western cultures [...] Biblioteca Alexandria is a daring gamble to revive the unique intellectual culture that Alexandria once had." Seragelding, Ismael. Daily New Egypt
  • commssioned by Egyptian government, 2002
  • lifespan= 200years
  • connected to a science museum and planetarium
  • modern superstructure design
  • built to accomodate many people
  • provides resources both online and print for students
  • designed to transfer irregular load of structure and pressure from tension zones underneath to support structures to hold it steady
  • 40m away from the corniche

Serapeum

  • Commissioned by Ptolemy I Soter, fostered the cult, designed by Permeniscus (Greek)
  • Serapis: major cult in Alexandria, patron god of Ptolemies
  • syncretism between Greek and Egyptian deities
  • built on Acropolis of Alexandria with 100 steps (reverence for god and protection of city)
  • temple style is greco-roman-egyptian
  • greco-roman: hellenistic design, large courtyard with colonade (doric/ionic), actual temple building located within, pool within courtyard, made with marble and granite, large statue of deity in temple
  • egyptian: necropolis for sacred Apis Bulls, egyptian design, small windown so statue is kissed by sun god

Pompey's Pillar

  • Actually = built in honour of emperor Diocletian not general Pompey
  • located in the Serapeum's courtyard
  • Corinthian design
  • flanked by two sphinx (Egyptian)
  • greco-egyptian tribute to Diocletian
  • made of red granite from Aswan, Upper Egypt
  • with temple for gods because common belief of Egyptians and Greco-Romans that kings/emperors are gods on earth
  • used as a landmark for the Acropolis

Kom El Dikka: Amphitheatre

  • comissioned 1st or 2nd Ptolemaic ruler
  • used for a long time- greek amphitheatre to roman odium
  • typical amphitheatre: flate centre stage surrounded 3/4 by raised rows, ascending steps between rows
  • mainly Greco-Roman architecture
  • made of limestone and white marble, red granite
  • small (13 rows only) private like-most likely for council meetings, private theatre, lecture hall
  • purpose unknown
  • Corinthian capitals on pillars and edges along with niches were added
  • dome supported by white marbled pillars
  • Kom El Dikka is an example of Greek and Roman life within the conquered city of their empire

Kom El Shugafa

  • early Ptolemaic period
  • one of the largest burial places
  • greco-roman-egyptian architecture
  • expansion into a large complex with 3 levels with triclinium-funerary banquets and multi chambers
  • chambers framed by pillars with both egyptian and greco-roman design
  • example: ionc doric top but base is egyptian
  • rotunda within the complex
  • hall of Caracalla-Christian massacare, however it is not proven
  • syncretism between egyptians and greek (both respect dead)

Anfushi

  • during or after construction of pharos
  • built for island of pharos
  • hypogeum show different kind of people from different religions buried
  • greco-egyptian architecture
  • doric and ionic sculpting
  • oikos: chambers in linear formation with niches on either side (greco-roman)
  • architectonic designs
  • egyptian stylized but influence by greco-roman
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