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War of the roses was the war between Lancaster and York for the throne of England.
Edward III, the prior king, had a grandson, Richard II, was meant to be the next king. However, he didn't show much responsibility so his cousin, Henry VI (Lancaster), started a war for the crown which was successful.
Henry VI also wasn't a very good king so Richard II (York) wanted to gain power again.
This started the war of the roses.
Although York won the war, it didn't make so much of a difference because Richard II soon died.
The first globe was invented by German, Martin Behaim.
The globe is called 'Nurnberg Terrestrial Globe' or 'Erdapfel', meaning 'earth apple' in German.
It is a very inaccurate globe because the only continents on it are enlarged Europe and Asia (and maybe Africa?). Many islands are very big compared to what they really are. Behaim even included
mythical places!
Although this globe has
quite a number of false
information, it was quite
smart of Behaim to make
something that is very
much like the actual earth.
Red for Lancaster White for York
Behaim's Globe, Nurnberg Museum
Italian Leonardo da Vinci was a lot of things, artist, scientist, inventor, mathematician, etc. He is considered to be the most talented man ever, the greatest painter ever and, of course, a Renaissance man.
He invented, discovered and painted loads of things. However, lots of the things he invented weren't made.
His most famous paintings are Mona Lisa and
The Last Supper. His famous inventions (which
weren't made), is the helicopter and calculator.
He is also famous for his notebooks which have
diagrams of things that he has invented or
discovered. He has at least 13,000 pages of
notes.
He has made a very big impact on modern life. If
he didn't exist, a lot of objects that we use/see
wouldn't exist. He has made life a lot easier than
what it could be.
Pope Julius II told
Michelangelo to paint the
chapel's ceiling because
the Pope wanted Rome to
be known again.
The paintings were done
on fresco because it gave
it a more life-like
appearance.
The big, main pictures in
the middle were from the
bible. The other ones are
of prophets, sibyls and of
Israel.
Painting the ceiling was
the first time Michelangelo had done frescoes. What made it tougher was doing
it lying down. However,
when he got the hang of it,
it was much easier.
The ceiling doesn't really
have such a big impact. But
it did make other artists
eager to create frescoes.
It also allows illiterate people to understand what the Bible is about.
Statue of da Vinci, by Luigi Pampaloni
Sistine Chapel Ceiling
The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. Gutenberg was previously a goldsmith and used his knowledge on metals to develop the press.
Ink, paper and a basic press had already been invented so Gutenberg combined all these objects to create one object.
He printed the first printed book which was the Bible. It took him at least 2 years to print it. It had 42 lines on each page so now, it's known as either the Gutenberg Bible or the 42-lined Bible. He made many more and some of them still exist and are considered one of the most valuable books.
The movable type press made a huge difference to
literature. Books could be made faster than ever
so people could be educated better.
Although we don't really use Gutenberg's printing
press, his invention is still well known because it
is the basic idea to what we now use.
Niccolo Machiavelli, from Florence, was part of the government to sort out affairs with other countries. On his first 'mission', he went to France. There, he examined the effect of having one prince rule the country.
Years later, there was a war and the Medici family took over Florence. The Medicis found an 'anti-Medici' plan and accused Machiavelli for being part of it, so they put him in prison. When he was finally released, he moved to outside of Florence. It was there that he wrote 'The Prince' (in Italian).
Machiavelli wrote 'The Prince' because 1) he wanted to teach others what it was like
to be ruled under just
one person and 2) to be
liked again by the Medici
family. The book was
surprisingly dedicated to
Lorenzo de' Medici.
The book, although it
was just a book, taught
great things and changed
people's ways of thinking.
Some famous quotes from
that book are: "It's better
to be feared than to be
loved" and "The end
justifies the means".
Printing Press
The Prince, by Machiavelli
The first pencil was invented in England when a huge graphite mine was discovered. It was called a lead pencil because they thought that graphite contained lead.
England had a huge company of pencils because no other graphite mine had been found.
The pencils were just wooden holders with 'lead' in them.
Pencils are really, really useful. But if it hadn't been invented, we could use other things (like pens). But it is probably a lot easier for
architects and artists to use
pencils to draw because it's
erasable (if they had an
eraser).
One of the First Pencils
By Kristen 8A
In 1417, the Commune of Florence decided to build a roof/dome
over the top of the 'crossing area' of the Santa Maria del Fiore (the cathedral). One person said that it was impossible for a dome to be built. A year later, there was a competition for architects to compete in to see who would build the dome, but no winner was chosen. The next year, Filippo Brunelleschi said that a dome could be built without support under it. Since Brunelleschi was one of the best architects, the commune believed him and told him to build a model.
Almost every single day of his 17 years of work was spent on the dome. When he was done with the dome, everyone in Florence just had to congratulate him.
This is what people believe to be the
beginning of Renaissance architecture.
This construction made a big change to
architecture. People started to use
rounded roofs and it made architecture
more... fashionable.
Santa Maria del Fiore
The first thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei. It was for measuring the air temperature.
It was a long glass tube with water in it. The water just moved up and down according to the temperature.
There was an open top so the water could 'feel' the temperature.
Thermometers have changed a lot since it was first invented. Now, it is used for measuring the temperature
of other things. There are many
different types of thermometers now.
It was a good invention because it
helped lots of people with their
studies, especially scientists and
weather-men.
Modern Galileo Thermometer
Bibliograhy:
http://www.insecta-inspecta.com/fleas/bdeath/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici
http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/medici.html
http://www.buffaloah.com/a/virtual/italy/flor/cath/dome.html
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/renaissance/inventions.htm
http://www.suite101.com/content/the-printing-press-a16993
http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/gutenbergmovable.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
http://www.wars-of-the-roses.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdapfel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/worldhistory/sistinechapelceiling.htm
http://arthistory.about.com/od/famous_paintings/a/sischap_ceiling.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince
http://www.emachiavelli.com/The%20Prince%20and%20Machiavelli%20with%20Quotes.htm
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/1500.shtml
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/p/pencil.shtml
http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Ra-Thy/Thermometer.html
http://ezinearticles.com/?Sir-John-Harrington---Inventor-of-The-John&id=3570402
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/renaissance/inventions.htm
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Sir_John_Harington_invent_the_toilet&src=ansTT
http://didyouknow.org/toilets/
http://www.duyfken.com/original/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyfken
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope
http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/ships.html
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/renaissance/inventions.htm
http://www.nides.bc.ca/assignments/invent69/Submarine.htm
Grant, Neil. Renaissance Europe. Florence: Zak Books, 2009
Images:
http://www.insecta-inspecta.com/fleas/bdeath/plaguemap.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Cosimo_de%27_Medici_den_%C3%A4ldre%2C_portr%C3%A4tt_av_Jacopo_da_Pontormo_%28ca_1518%29.jpg
http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/arch/images/cupola_.jpg
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall04/phillips/press.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Leonardo_da_Vinci01.jpg/380px-Leonardo_da_Vinci01.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CU2DtiT9ZCw/SzgkQsL801I/AAAAAAAAAFM/CyazhC7zRks/s320/roses.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Behaims_Erdapfel.jpg/220px-Behaims_Erdapfel.jpg
http://www.barrysstudio.com/artistsBio/michelangeloBuonarroti_files/sistine-chapel-ceiling.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ZZysvul0d6I/Sbs1mI3K3BI/AAAAAAAAB2M/Z6UwFT5r-n4/s320/Machiavelli_Principe_Cover_Page.jpg
http://www.johnduffyart.com/Images/Dtech/FirstPencil.jpg
http://galileo-thermometer.com/earthandthermometer.jpg
http://pbraofnewhampshire.com/images/OldToilet.gif
http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/southland/images/Duyfken_replica.jpg
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:myfYlHcI3G7p1M:http://www.mudgeeobservatory.com.au/images/galileo-telescope.jpg&t=1
Cosmo di Giovanni degli Medici was one of the most important rulers in Florence in history. At one point, he had a political battle with another family, the Albizzi family, and he lost. But since he was very appreciated by the citizens, they voted him back so instead, the Albizzi family had to step down.
De' Medici had done many good things to the city. He paid a lot of money to help encourage artists and build churches and libraries.
Because de' Medici cared so much for the
city, when he died, the citizens named
him Pater Palrige, Father of the Country.
If de' Medici didn't become ruler of
Florence, there mightn't be such a thing
called 'the Renaissance'. Under his power,
people were able to create a lot of
incredible things.
The first flushing toilet (aka Ajax) was made by Sir John Harrington, an author, for himself and his godmother, Queen Elizabeth.
When his friends found out about it, they made fun of him for inventing it so he stopped making toilets but he still used his own in private.
However, Queen Elizabeth didn't fully appreciate the toilet because it was too noisy.
The flush toilet was very
useful because we still
use it to this day! It was
modified quite a few
times but the toilets we
use are quite alike to the
ones Sir Harrington
invented.
Portrait of de' Medici, painted by Jacopo Pontormo
Very Old Toilet, Might Be Ajax
Leonardo da Vinci designed a basic submarine (for one person).
However, he wanted to reduce the opportunity of war so he kept his plans secret.
Over hundreds of years later in 1624, a Dutchman by the name of Cornelius van Drebbel designed his own submarine. The submarine was leather-covered. It could go underwater for a few hours but only a few feet under.
The idea of the submarine was
sort of useful because now,
people can explore things
underwater without being
crushed from water pressure.
Van Drebbel's submarine design
The Black Death is another word for the time in history when the bubonic plague rapidly spread across the world. It was started by a few Oriental Rat fleas who had the plague. Those fleas gave the plague to people in Mongolia and China. The traders who travelled from there to Europe brought the plague with them. Almost a half of Europe died from it.
This is what most people consider the start of the Renaissance.
This is an important
event during the
Renaissance because
this is the beginning
of it.
The Duyfken is the Dutch ship owned by Dutch East India Company which was captained by Willem Janzoon. They were heading toward a mythical island called Nova Guinea. Instead, they found Australia. It was the first time Europeans had set foot on Australia. It was then that Europe had discovered every continent in the world.
If the Duyfken hadn't
discovered Australia,
it most likely would
have been discovered
later. But it helped
people to easily find
where Australia is,
like Captain James
Cook.
The telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen in Netherlands. They were both were glasses makers so they just adjusted the lens. A year later, Galileo improved it to see even further.
The telescope was a very useful invention because it helped astronomers to see beyond the earth.
Lippershey and Janssen Telescope
Duyfken Replica
The Plague Map (where/when the plague occurred in Europe)