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Who: Philip Zimbardo
What: He took 24 male college students (clinically sane) and he divided them into two groups, the prisoners and the guards. The participants were to be kept in the campus basement for two weeks as a mock imprisonment. However, the behavior of both the guards and the prisoners became radical, so much so that they had to be released after 6 days.
When: 1971
Where: Stanford University
Why: The experiment showed that social factors, such as an uneven distribution of power and control can rapidly increase the likelihood of unusual behaviors.
Who: Solomon Asch
What: Male undergraduates, individually, where put in a room with 8 confederates. They were shown these 2 pictures >>
The participants were asked to say which line (A, B or C) was the same length as the one on the left. The actual participant would give an answer after others purposefully called out the wrong answer. For the 12 "Critical Trials", the average conformity rate was 33%.
When: 1951
Where: Swarthmore College
Why: The experiment shows how humans will be "wrong" (conform) while knowing full well it is "wrong" just to fit into a group/society and not be different/judged.
Who: Stanley Milgram
What: 40 male subjects. The participant was put in a room with a fake machine and would have to administer an increasingly higher-level shock to the learner (actor) everytime he answered incorrectly. The authority figure (actor) would provoke the participant to keep going. What the experiment found was that 65% of the participants administered all the way up to the highest shock level because of the authority figure demanding them to continue.
When: 1963
Where: Yale University
Why: The experiment's goal was to determine if our urge to obey an authority figure is strong enough to cause us to go against our own morals and ethical beliefs.