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1) Geological Structure Influences topples
2) A topple is the forward rotation, out of the slope, it falls through the air.
3) Rock strata have steep seaward dip undercutting by erosion which will led to instability and blocks or material topping seaward
1) Rockfalls, or block falls are rapid form of mass movement common on steep slopes
2) Rock falls may be a single rock, or a mass of rocks, and the falling rocks can dislodge other rocks as they collide with the cliff. Occur on a steep slope
3) On coasts blocks the rock can be dislodged by mechanical weathering or by hydraulic action erosion.
4)Debris falls are similar, except they involve a mixture of soil, regolith, and rocks.
5) Wave cut notches can lead to large falls
6) For example, this is the primary way in which talus slopes are built from frost wedging.
1) Weathering and Erosion is important on many coastlines
2) Mass movement is the main reason why cliff collapse
3) Mass Movement can be classified in a number of ways: Flow, Rotational Slide, Slumping, Translational Slide, Topple, Fall.
4) Rockfalls on coastal cliff can be dramatic and involve large volumes of material.
5) For example, in St Oswald's Bay, Dorset in the cretaceous chalk cliffs mass movement occurred overnight without warning (80-100m long section collapsed taking a section of the South Coast Coastal Path with it.
6) The landslide scar is an area of unvegetated fresh chalk with older vegetated cliff face to the left and right.
7) The debris from rockfall caused the effective coastline to protrude further out to sea than normal
8) A fan shaped talus slope extends down the cliff and into the sea of a broken chalk blocks
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1) Weathering this is a breakdown of rocks by chemical, mechanical and biological elements.
2) Weathering is influenced by the weather, climate conditions like global warming, extreme temperature, rainwater and biological activity
3) No rock material is removed
4) Weathering process can affect landscapes and can also influence human interaction to the landscapes
5) Weathering contributes to rates of coastal recession in a number of ways by making the rock more vulnerable by weakening it to Erosion or mass movement.
6) Some strata may be more vulnerable then others creating the formation of wave cut notches and affecting cliff stability
7)Rates very slow, even when its hot and wet climates igneous rock weathers at rate of 1-2 mm every 1000 years
5) Rocks are worn away and not eroded
6)Erosion is the breakdown of rock due to the action of some external forces such as wind, waves, flowing water and ice flow
7) Eroded material transported to a new location
8)If water is muddy could be a sign erosion is taking place or if its a brown color indicates bits of rock and soil (sediment) are suspended in the water
1) This breaks down rocks due to exertion of a physical force and does not involve any chemical change
2) Freeze- Thaw this is when water in pores and cracks freeze which exerts a force within cracks and fissures which causes the underlying rock to expand and fracture.
3)This cycle repeats and the pressure forces cracks open and loosens the rock.
4) Any rocks with cracks and fissures can be affected
5) freezing is uncommon in UK coasts especially in south and salt spray can reduce its impact
6)Temperature change can cause the minerals inside rocks to contract at different rates causing lines of weakness and fracturing.
7)Salt Crystallisation is the growth of salt crystals in cracks and pore spaces can exert a breaking force which is less than freeze thaw
8) Porous and fractured rocks like sandstone are vulnerable
9) The effect is greater in hotter, drier climates where evaporation and the precipitation of salt crystals in more pronounced
10) pressure release is when overlying rocks is removed and the release of pressure causes the underlying rocks to expand and fracture
1) This type of mass movement is difficult to manage because it has multiple causes
2) It can lead to failures deep within the cliff and move large volumes of material
3) They are usually very slow and not sudden and are experienced at St Oswald's Bay
4) Permeable strata like clay and sandstone sit on impermeable strata like clay and mudstone. This rock arrangment is common along south coast of England and can be found in Folkestone, Lyme Bay and Christchurch Bay
5) Can also occur in the glacial boulder clay of the holderness Coast in the East Riding in Yorkshire and on the Norfolk Coast