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Tokugawa Literature

Theater and Art

-work of new urban fiction seen in Ihara Saikaku

-Greatest novel was "Five Women Who Loved Love" about 5 women searching and 4 dying for love

-most popular literature was about lighthearted and people pleasing

-Poetry remained a more serious form of literature as seen by great Japanese poet Matsuo Basho

-new world of entertainment gave rise in the theater to Kabuki-which emphasized action, music, and dramatic gestures to entertain viewers.

-Leaders feared corruption of morals with such show business and forbade women to appear on stage

-hostage system gave rise to magnificent mansions with lavish furnishings.

-Art enriched by ideas of other cultures.

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom

Role of Women

-Yi dynasty in Korea, founded in late 14th century remained in power for entire Tokugawa Era

-Capital was at Hanyang (Seoul)

-Pattered their society after that of the Chinese

-Korean rulers tried to keep Korea isolated from the outside world

-Japan invaded Korea under forces of Hideyoshi

-Korea defeated Japan but was devastated and Yi dynasty was weakened

-In 1630s a Manchu army invaded northern Korea and forced North Korea to be subject of China

-Korea remained highly untouched by Europeans and Christian missionaries

1. Oda Nobunaga

- seized the imperial capital of Kyoto and placed the reigning shogun under his control.

2. Toyotomi Hideyoshi

-a farmers son who became a military commander and succeeded Nobunaga. He made his capital at Osaka

3. Tokugawa Ieyashu

- the daimyo of Edo (modern day Tokyo) took the title of shogun in 1603.

-Tokugawa rulers restored the central authority in Japan and brought a longer period of peach know as the "Great Peace."

-Ruled from capital in Edo until 1868

-women had restricted lives

-men heads of household had broad authority over property, marriage, and divorce.

-parents arranged marriages among common people

-wives moved in with husbands family

-women valued for their roles as child-bearers, and homemakers

-both sexes worked in fields

The Three Great Unifiers

-Japan in chaos at end of 15th century

-Daimyo-the heads of noble families, controlled their own lands and warred with neighbors

-Three powerful political figures began to unify Japan in the late 16th century

Europeans in Japan

Tokugawa Rule

-Portuguese landed on the islands in 1543 as Japan was being unified

-Took part in trade between Japan, China, and Southeast Asia

-Welcomed at first

-Japanese fascinated by tobacco, clocks, glasses, and European goods

-Daimyo wanted to buy European weapons

-Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in 1549

-Converted many local daimyo

-Jesuit practice of destroying shrines caused reactions

-1587 Hideyoshi issued an edict prohibiting Christian activities in his lands

-Under Tokugawa Ieyasu, all missionaries were expelled and Japanese Christians were executed

-Merchant followed behind the Christians

-Only a small Dutch community in Nagasaki was allowed to stay-permitted to dock in Nagasaki once a year and could stay for only 2-3 months

-set out to take control of the feudal system in Japan

-state was divided into 250 separate territories called hans-or domains

-Each han ruled by a daimyo

-Daimyo controlled by shogunate through the hostage system

-system where daimyo had to residences-one in their own land and one in Edo

-When daimyo not in Edo, his family was forced to stay there

-During great peace the samurai ceased to be a warrior class and many became managers of the lands of the daimyo

The Class System

Economic and Social Changes

-Under the Tokugawa trade and industry began to flourish like never before-especially in growing cities of Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka

-1750 Edo one of largest cities in the world

-Banking flourished, paper money became normal medium of exchange

-Japanese merchant class emerged

-Peasants still made up most of the population

-Most peasants experienced declining profits and rising costs and taxes

-nearly 7,000 peasant revolts in the Tokugawa Era.

-Rulers established strict legal distinctions between classes

-4 main classes-warriors-peasants-artisans-merchants

-No intermarriage between classes

-Emperor and court families were first class

-Second was warrior class composed of shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin.

-Shogun was supreme ruler after the emperor and distributor of national rice crop.

- local daimyo got land and rice from shogun in exchange for military service.

-Samurai got rice for their services as advisers, castle guards, and gov officials.

-Ronin were warriors without masters that traveled the countryside seeking employment

-Peasants, artisans and merchants were next in line

-Below these classes was the eta-Japan's outcasts

-Tokugawa enacted severe laws to regulate the homes, dress and lives of eta.

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