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SO ... BASICALLY ...

Avant-Garde

: pushes boundaries of what is accepted as "norm" or status quo; experimental & innovative

Quartet for the End of Time

George Crumb

- musicians began to create new sounds by experimentally using their instruments and voices

e. g. slamming keyboard, plucking piano strings, tapping/slapping violins, shouting and hissing, etc.

  • American professor of composition at University of Pennsylvania
  • utilized emotional character of his music with a sense of dramatic
  • inspired by passage in revelation of St. John, ch. 10
  • written during the time Messiaen was held in captive during war with 3 French musicians - a violinist, cellist, and clarinetist
  • coped with their situation by writing a quartet (he played the piano)
  • first performed on January 1941, in front of 5,000 prisoners from various countries

Pierre Boulez

  • served in the army for WW2
  • appointed to faculty of Paris conservatory
  • taught in Massachusetts & Germany
  • believed that art is the ideal expression of religious faith & his religious feelings were centre of his art
  • work inspired by religious mysticism:
  • France's leading avant-garde composer
  • music director of New York Philharmonics
  • studied at Paris conservatory
  • inspired by Olivier Messiaen
  • known as a recomposer of earlier works

Hymn to the Holy Sacrament,

Quartet for the End of Time,

Twenty Glances at the Infant Jesus

Open Form

Postwar Internationalism

  • musical life in Europe was disrupted more than it was in North America due to WW2
  • once the war was over, Europeans quickly made up for lost time
  • centre of avant-garde activity was founded in the electronic studio of Milan, by Italian composer
  • where the DETAILS of the music will be outlined and the overall form and shape will be left to chance/choice - increasing reliance on improvisation (like in Baroque and jazz music)
  • leader in a trend adopted from the visual arts :

Jasper John

"Three Flags"

Collage

Luciano Berio

  • in music, musical fragments are juxtaposed an overlapped within new compositions
  • purpose is "not to interpret, but to hear familiar, old preformed musical material with new ears"

Microtonal intervals

  • e. g. quarter tones -- smaller than semitones
  • sounds that are found "in the cracks of the piano keys"
  • broke restrictions on the chromatic scale
  • American musical voice (e.g. Elliot Carter) was also significant
  • his rhythmmic complexity led to his introduction of the term -

Lukas Foss

  • his music consisted of serialism, electronic technologies, and indeterminacy
  • used collage technique to combine preexisting music into his own

Metric Modulation

: fluctuating tempos

  • used indeterminacy, group improvisation, and fresh approaches to sound
  • European composers followed in Lukas Foss' footsteps in creating new textures through unusual combinations of sounds

e.g. German composer, Karlheinz Stockhausen, created a collage from various national anthems which he combined with electronic sounds, voices, and instruments

Aleatoric Music

  • "alea" = dice, in Latin
  • opposed total serialism
  • based on intuition, chance, and spur of the moment
  • "the happening"

- where FORM of music will be outlined, while details are left to chance/choice

Inspired by:

Toward greater freedom in music...

  • love of nature (bird songs)

Olivier Messiaen

1908 - 1992

  • born in Southern French city of Avignon
  • trained at Paris conservatory
  • at 23, became organist of church of the Trinity in Paris
  • at 28, became professor at 2 French schools
  • free melodic lines of Gregorian chant
  • old-fashioned sounds of Medieval church modes
  • non-symmetrical rhythms of India
  • delicate bell sounds of Javanese gamelan

Postmodernism & Avant-garde techniques

WHAT TO LISTEN FOR ??????

- piano plays strong, dissonant chords answered by disjunct clarinet & strings

- chant-like vocalise on muted strings, soft chords on piano

- varied treatment of piano (opening dissonant chords, then gentle accompaniment to vocalise)

- trills in strings & clarinet answered by piano, loud dissonant chords lead to clarinet motive

1941

Date of work:

Medium:

chamber quartet (violin, cello, clarinet, piano)

Postmodernism

Pop Art

: a term suggesting the movement away from formalism

- consists of 8 movements: first 7 represents the 7 days in which God created the world, followed by an 8th endless day

- 1st & 3rd movements: clarinet solos that use bird songs

- Opening: a nightinggale or blackbird improvises

Formalism

  • extended from 'realism', which used art to exaggerate truth and emotion
  • inspired by Dadaists
  • "the gap between life and art"
  • themes and techniques from modern urban life

: excessive and strict adherence to prescribed and traditional forms

Feminist & Ethnic Art

  • focussed attention on issues of gender

Andy Warhol

"Four Campbell's Soup Cans"

Roy Lichtenstein

Abstract expressionism

Comic Strip Art

Second movement:

  • Ethnic art exemplifies achievements of America's varying ethnic communities, especially African Americans, Latin, and Native Americans

Judy Chicago

Vocalise, for the Angel who announces the End of Time

"The Dinner Party"

1950s & 1960s

Drama

  • Encouraged freedom, unstudied techniques and intuitive and expressive art forms.
  • theatre moved into "theatre of the absurd" - lead by Europeans who viewed the world with a vast disillusionment

Faith Ringgold

"Groovin' High"

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot, 1956

- METER : 3/4

- OPENING & CLOSING : alternate between 2 fast paced tempos, and Angel's might is evoked through penetrating fortissimo chords on piano

- MIDDLE section : lyrical song played by muted violin & cello 2 octaves apart, accompanied by "sweet cascades of blue-orange chords" on piano

- Quartet testifies to the courage of the human spirit

Recent Writers

  • From the idea of disillusionment writers innovated a new literary genre called -

hysterical realism

which featured frenzied action, manic characters, and multiple secondary plots

Film

The various artistic styles presented proved that all the arts were becoming / have become increasingly intellectual, experimental, and abstract.

  • Art films helped educate viewers about the different lives of other people around the world

Barbara Hepworth

Postmodernism today...

"Three Standing Forms"

"Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 18"

e.g. Robert Motherwell

  • Abstract Expressionism in sculpture
  • applied to a variety of styles;
  • conceptual art, minimalism, environmental art

I. M. Pei

"Grand Louvre Pyramid"

  • neoclassical structure for viewing Paris' historic museum
  • neoclassicism focussed on craftsmanship & balance

Total Serialism

  • resulted in extremely complex and ultra rational music
  • Schoenberg's idea of organized, strict 12-tone method was further extended to organize time values, dynamic values, and timbres

Christo & Jeanne-Claude

The German Reichstag wrapped in fabric

By: Nicole Enverga & Maria Panaligan

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