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story: a sequence of actions or events conceived as independent of their manifestation in discourse
vs.
discourse the discursive presentation or narration of events.'
Narrative structured like a language:
Embedding (or nesting)-- can cause tension between inside and outside of the frame. Can the outside cast doubt on the inside? Certainly. But can the inside cast doubt on the outside? We can have different narrators with different perspectives. How many narrators do we have in "A Study in Scarlet?" Watson, Holmes, Gregson, LeStrade, Jefferson Hope...
Focalization: similar but not identical to
point of view or perspective.
Internal focalizer-- the "angle of mind"-- not who speaks but whose eyes or mind the narration looks or thinks through. Who is the focalized?
DD uses quotation marks.
ID uses "that" (usually)
FID uses the third person but blurs boundary between narrator's and character's language.
Important figures:
"As he spoke, he whipped a tape measure and a large round magnifying glass from his pocket. With these two implements he trotted noiselessly about the room, sometimes stopping, occasionally kneeling, and once lying flat upon his face... As I watched him I was irresistibly reminded of a pure-blooded well-trained foxhound as it dashes backwards and forwards through the covert, whining in its eagerness, until it comes across the lost scent. For twenty minutes or more he continued his researches, measuring with the most exact care the distance between marks which were entirely invisible to me, and occasionally applying his tape to the walls in an equally incomprehensible manner."
"Gregson and Lestrade had watched the manoeuvres of their amateur companion with considerable curiosity and some contempt. They evidently failed to appreciate the fact, which I had begun to realize, that Sherlock Holmes's smallest actions were all directed towards some definite practical end."
Screenshot from "The Testament of Sherlock Holmes," Xbox 360. Frogwares Studios. Focus Home Interactive. 2012.
"As to what occurred there, we cannot do better than quote the old hunter's own account,
as duly recorded in Dr. Watson's Journal, to which we are already under such obligations."