Summative Assessment of Knowledge

Reference List

Pics:

http://britishcoalgasification.co.uk/H.gif

http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/Carbon4.jpg

http://schoolworkhelper.net/oxygen-elements-uses-properties/

http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5185/5817239457_ef6d42121f.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nitrogen.svg/424px-Nitrogen.svg.png

http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/image/nucleotide.jpg

http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/images/macro/1a.Monomers.jpg

Disaccharide: http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-07/images/sucros1.jpg

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_membrane.gif

http://ehrig-privat.de/ueg/images/dna-structure.jpg

http://palaeos.info/bacteria/images/Phospholipid.gif

http://www.ultimateglucosamine.com/consumers/images/clipart_f07.gif

http://eduframe.net/andc/biology/Sunita-Bio/carbohydrates%20%20text_html_858316.png

http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/amino-acid-structure.jpg

http://talklikeaphysicist.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/water-balloon-bullet.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG/250px-Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG

http://www.letslearn2drive.com/images/my%20downhill.gif

http://www.letslearn2drive.com/images/myuphill.gif

http://s269.photobucket.com/albums/jj73/snaggleface/?action=view&current=T595289A.gif&newest=1

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/bacterium_structure.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/200px-Halobacteria.jpg

Info:

-http://prezi.com/5u5-slftxrfa/edit/?auth_key=e5t7u66&follow=zxvujlnnlxxl#8_25729065

-http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/tutorial/gene.html

-http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Adhesion+and+cohesion

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)

-http://www.edurite.com/kbase/examples-of-adhesion-and-cohesion

-http://www.helpwithcooking.com/nutrition-information/carbohydrates.html

-http://www.criticalbench.com/amino-acid-function.htm

-http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html

-https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1hknllKbyxZrDzJCF_2F3CsBYThXynI1fufZ0SxGxygo/edit#slide=id.g1c755ebd_0_25

-http://www.buzzle.com/articles/polarity-of-water.html

-http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/condensation_and_hydrolysis.html

-http://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNA

-http://www.diffen.com/difference/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell

Summative Assessment on

Knowledge & Reasoning

HYPOTHESIS

What will happen to a cell without a cell wall in pure water?

I predict that the more pure water it has in the cell without cell wall, then the cell without cell wall will burst. This is because the water can freely pass through and out the cell, therefore the water molecules will fill up the cell making it to burst as same as the other types of water.

Seung Won Chung

3B

Compare & Contrast

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Monomer & Polymer

Monomer

-Has nucleus

-Has complex organelles

-mitochondria

-chloroplasts

- Circular DNA

-Binary fusion

Polymer

-Don't have nucleus

-Don't have complex organelle

-Linear DNA

-Mitosis

-A single molcule

-A group of monomers

Osmosis & Diffusion

Osmosis

Diffusion

Hydrolysis & Condensation

Hydrolysis

-Move or cross from one side to another.

-It prevents from passing or crossing.

Condensation

-Move from higher concentration to lower concentration.

-It allows to pass but have to be from higher concentration to lower concentration.

-It is the division or separation of larger molecule to smaller and simple molecules.

-It makes the cell or molecules smaller

-It is a chemical process of 2 molecules bond together to make larger and more complex molecules.

-It makes the cell or molecules to increase in size

DNA & RNA

DNA

RNA

Animal cells & Plant cells

-It can be found in nucleus

-The pairs are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

-Double strand

Animal cells

-It can be found in nucleus and cytoplasm

-The pairs are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

-Single strand

Plant cells

-Has nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, complex organelles

-Circular shape

-Has most of animal cells with cell wall and chloroplasts

-Rectangular shape

LABEL

Ion Channel

DRAW

Protein channel

Water molecule

Pump

4 molecules of life

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell

Glucose & Sucrose

DNA structure

Sucrose

LIST

-Properties of water

-Molecules of Life

-3 Domains

-Examples of each molecules of life

-Components of a cell

Osmosis & Diffusion

Properties of water

-The three properties of water are high heat capacity, polarity, and solvent.

-High heat capacity shows how water shrinks and expands back when it freezes and melts.

-If high heat capacity didn't exist, then the ice will sink and freezes from the bottom of the sea.

-Places like North America and Europe are neighboring countries, but their temperatures are different, this is because of high heat capacity where the water currents prevents the temperature to pass over. Therefore, it makes the temperature in different regions to vary.

-Polarity: As explained in previous slide, water polarity occurs when positively and negatively charged molecules bond together.

-Solvent: It is the substance that is dissolve in water. Also the water will transport these solvents such as protein, vitamin. In addition, if there are substances to dissolve, the surface area will increase.

In a simple way to describe these two terms is to refer to the car on slope.

-When the car goes downhill, it does not require energy to go down, since it goes down itself.

-However, it needs extra energy to climb on a slope.

Structure of molecules of life

Molecules of life

-Lipid

(EX. Fatty acid)

-Carbohydrate

(EX. glucose)

-Amino acid

(EX. Hydroxide)

-Nucleic acid

(EX. Sugar)

This information is already stated in the previous part...

Same thing goes same with osmosis and diffusion.

-Osmosis prevents some particles to cross through a place, which it acts like cell membrane that only allows small and uncharged particles.

-Diffusion can be compare with the 'car theory', it is when a solute is released in water, it moves from higher concentration to lower concentration, which is known as gradient. This is same thing as car moving uphill to downward.

Lipid

3 Domains

-Archaea

-Bacteria

-Eukarya

Lipid is consists of four main parts: hydrophilic part, carboxyl group, phosphate group, and fatty acid

Amino acid

Amino acid is divided into four main parts from the base of carbon: amino acid, hydrogen (H), hydroxide (OH), and R-group

Components of cells

The R-group varies the amino acid that it determines the function of protein and whether it is polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic).

Carbohydrate

The picture shown is the one of the major parts of carbohydrate, monosacchride. According from this structure we can determine that carbon are connected in a circular form and each of it sticks with other molecules like hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and HO.

Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid is divided into three main parts- phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen bases. As we all know, these three parts link back to the pairs (AT and GC) in DNA structure are connected to make nucleotides.

Nitrogen bases group

Phosphate group

Sugar

Why cell walls are important.

-If we compare a cell (or an animal cell) to a balloon with water inside. If we put too much water inside, what will happen to the balloon? It will burst. Same situation goes on with the cell that does not have cell wall.

-The importance of cell wall is to prevent from bursting and disappear.

-It helps the cell to be fixed in size.

Cell wall

How and Why different molecules pass through membrane differently

-As we all know from the class and the previous slides I have explained about molecules passing through the membrane have to pass through a certain 'step'.

-Because the molecules are big and charged, all the molecules have to pass through either through pump or GLUT-1.

-The molecules pass in and out through the process of Active Transport. This is similar with the process of osmosis, where it prevents some from crossing from one side to another.

-Different channels let different molecules to pass.

-EX) Protein channel -------> Glucose, amino acid, nucleotides.

Polarity of water

-Already explained in previous slide,

-There are polarity in water because in water (H2O), there are two different types of charges (positive and negative). This makes electronegativity.

DESCRIBE

Structures of molecules of life

As shown from the diagram, the phosphor lipid is divided into 4 big parts, the head consists of glycerol, which is polarized, so that it can repel the water from passing through. The blue part in the diagram shows the phosphate group. The left side of the lipid head is the carboxyl groups, which is connected by the last major part, fatty acid.

Protein

-Also called as amino acids

-From the structure, we can know that from the carbon, it spread four different direction and connects with hydrogen, amino, carboxyl, and R-group.

-The R-group (often called "side-chain" varies the amino acids.

-Determines the function of protein

-Determines whether they are polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic)

-Polar or hydropilic of amino acid locates at the outside of the protein, so that it can react with the water

-Non-polar or hydrophobic of amino acid locates inside of the protein because it repels the water.

-Ribosomes creates protein or amino acids

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

EXPLAIN

The left picture shows the different types of carbohydrate and the right side shows the basic structure of carbohydrate.

The molecule that states OH is the hydroxide, which is alcohol, and CH2OH refers to hydroxymethyl.

Nucleic acid

-As similar as phosphor lipid, nucleic acid consists of three different parts: phosphate group, Sugar group, and Nitrogen base group.

-The structure of nucleic acid group varies with the DNA structure.

-Already explained in DNA structure part, the phosphate and sugar group joins with either Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine to make a nucleotide.

Importance of each property of water

-High heat capacity: if this doesn't exist, the ice will sink and freezes from the bottom of the sea and it blocks and captures the temperature of the region.

-Polarity: Due to this, water molecule can be formed, the polarity of water also creates electronegativity.

-Solvent: It helps the substances that pass into the cell to dissolve such as salts or sugars.

Structure of DNA

-DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) can be meant as double helix, where there are two strands that overlapped each other that can be find in the nucleus.

-In between, there are some 'bars' that undergoes a certain pattern.

-AT (Adenine and Thymine) and GC (Guanine and Cytosine)

-Only Adenine and Thymine goes together and Guanine and Cytosine goes together.

-Also in between these pairs, there is a hydrogen bond . this allows the DNA to twist it's form.

-The structure of DNA determines the genes that it carries.

-The two strands that overlap each other is made up of different types of molecules such as sugar group and phosphate group. Therefore, one of the four main parts of 'pairs' join together with sugar and phosphate group makes a nucleotide.

STATE

Functions of molecules of life

-Function of lipid...

-It allows certain molecules to pass through freely and make other molecules that are too big or charged are to pass in and out of the cell by certain channels.

-Function of carbohydrate

-Since the carbohydrate is also known as sugar, carbohydrate's function is to provide energy for us. In addition, it enhance our heart, brain, and other parts that support us.

-Function of amino acids

-Amino acid is one of the crucial elements in life, which is also provides energy for us as similar as carbohydrate does. Also it repair muscle tissues and functions our brain to work better.

- Function of nucleic acid

-It contains the important part of our body, DNA and RNA that carries genetic information in our body.

Monomers & Polymers

Cell membrane

Different channels for different molecules

As stated in carbohydrate slide, the main difference between monomer and polymer is number.

-Monomer is a molecule that is able to bond.

-Polymer is a group of molecules linked together that can be bond.

Hydrogen Bond

The hydrogen bond is between two elements that are joined together as a molecule.

Already explained in Lipids slide, a cell membrane is arranged or made up of phosphor lipids.

-It only allows small or uncharged particles to pass through freely, this process is known as passive or facilitative transport, this is somehow similar as diffusion.

-Other molecules that are big in size or charged have to pass through specific channel.

-Also, the molecules that can travel freely are because they have lower permeability.

Monomers and Polymers of each molecules of life

-For phosphor lipid, it can be called as polymers since it has four different parts that makes phosphor lipid.

-For carbohydrate, the monosacchride is a monomer and the rest of are the polymers.

-For protein, it is polymer, same reason as lipid

-For nucleic acid, it is polymer, same reason as lipid.

You can see that the phosphor lipids make a cell membrane. The empty space in between the lipids consists of lipid tail, which are non-polar.

However, for water molecule it happens when the oxygen (negatively charged) attracts with hydrogen (positively charged) to join two different water molecules together.

Adhesion & Cohesion

-Adhesion is when the particles stick together with other molecules.

-This can be happen when electrons are swap or share with the other molecules.

-One of the examples can be stickers.

-Cohesion is when the particles stick together by themselves.

-This is because the molecules that are structured makes the electrons in the molecule to change when other molecules get close.

-One of the examples can be water.

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid

Lipids:

-Also known as phosphor lipids or 'Fatty acids'

-compose of three main parts: chlorine, phosphate, and glycerol.

-These phosphor lipids gather together to form cell membrane

-The phosphor lipid heads are polarized so that attract each other to form a cell membrane but repels water

-2 hydrophobic ends arrange in the center, pointing outward.

-Because of the phosphor lipid head, many molecules have to use different channels in order to pass in and out of the cell.

Nucleic acids

-It contains the building blocks that are found in every living things, nucleotides.

-These building blocks contain DNA and RNA.

-In DNA, it has a fixed couple of Adenine & Guanine (Purines), Cytosine & Thymine (Pyrimidines)-In RNA, it has similar things except Thymine, and have Uracil

-DNA is responsible to store the genetic information

-RNA is responsible to alternate the information from DNA to more functional use.

Proteins

-Also meant as Amino acids

-Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

-It is also composed of two carbon, one from carboxylic acid and other from amino group.

-The H3N+ connected on the left part of the molecules in each figure.

-The amino acids differentiates by R group that has both types of polar and non-polar. (polarity shows whether the acid attracts or repel water.

-For example, steak.

Carbohydrates

-There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosacchride, disacchride, and polysacchride.

-They are differentiated by numbers.

-For example, fruit juice.

Polysacchraide

-It is the most complex structure of carbohydrates among three main categories.

-As written in it's name, poly means many, which there are many numbers of monosacchrides linked by oxygen.

Diasacchride

-This one types of carbohydrate is two monosacchrides "link" together by oxygen atom with the loss of water.

-Two sugar molecules joined together.

-Type of polymer-------> many numbers of monomers or molecules

Monosacchardie:

-It is a single molecule structure which is also a type of monomer (explained in further slides)

-It is also known as sugar molecule

Water Polarity

DEFINE

-It is to have both positively and negatively charged molecules equally

-For water this is different

-Both oxygen and hydrogen atoms have different charges that makes electronegativity.

Accuracy & Precision

Accuracy & Precision-Accuracy: How well the value was met with the real value

-------> Real value: 10.85, the most accurate among the students wrote was 10.78.

-Precision: In mathematical equation, it is the maximum value minus minimum value of the total measurement, and divide the number into 2.

-------> (max. - min.) / 2

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Significant Digits

-It is the numbers of a measurement that sure to be the exact digit.

-EX) 0.00000243

-The significant digit for this is 3.

-Has nucleus

-Has complex organelles

-mitochondria

-chloroplasts

- Circular DNA

-Binary fusion

-Don't have nucleus

-Don't have complex organelle

-Linear DNA

-Mitosis